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BGM1004-Genetics > BGM1004/L09 Mitosis & Meiosis > Flashcards

BGM1004/L09 Mitosis & Meiosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the products of mitosis?

A

2 genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What is mitosis necessary for? (4)

A

Embryonic development
Replacement of skin cells
Wound healing
Production of reticulocytes

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3
Q

What is the result of uncontrolled rounds of mitosis?

A

Tumour formation

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4
Q

Name the 3 phases of interphase.

A

G1, S & G2

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5
Q

What occurs during G1?

A

Growth phase in which biosynthesis activities increase in preparation for DNA synthesis

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6
Q

What occurs during S phase?

A

DNA replication

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7
Q

When does G2 occur?

A

Lasts until mitosis begins

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8
Q

What is a kinetochore? (2)

A

Protein structure located at centromere
Attachment point for mitotic spindle

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9
Q

What are spindle fibres? (2)

A

Formed from microtubules that run between poles of a cell
Create axis for separation of chromosomes

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10
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Cytoplasmic organelle composed of 9 groups of microtubules serving as foci for mitotic spindle fibre gneration

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11
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Region of cytoplasm containing pair of centrioles

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12
Q

What occurs during G2?

A

Chromosomes are extended

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13
Q

What occurs during Prophase of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes condense
Centrioles divide and move apart

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14
Q

When do chromosomes become recognisable as double structures?

A

Prometaphase

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15
Q

What occurs during prometaphase of mitosis? (2)

A

Centrioles reach opposite poles
Spindle fibres form and attach to kinetochore

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16
Q

What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

A

Centromeres align on metaphase plate

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17
Q

What occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

A

Centromeres split
Daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles

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18
Q

What occurs during telophase of mitosis? (3)

A

Daughter chromosomes arrive at poles
Chromosomes decondense
Nuclear envelope forms

19
Q

What are the products of meiosis?

A

4 genetically different gametes

20
Q

Give the 5 stages of Prophase I in meiosis.

A

Leptonema
Zygonema
Pachenema
Diplonema
Diakinesis

21
Q

What occurs during Leptotene of meiosis?

A

Duplicated chromosomes start to condense

22
Q

What occurs during Zygotene of meiosis?

A

Synapsis begins

23
Q

What occurs during Pachytene of meiosis?

A

Synapsis complete
Crossing over

24
Q

What occurs during Diplotene of meiosis? (2)

A

Synaptonemal complex disappears
Chiasma visible

25
Q

What occurs during Diakinesis of meiosis?

A

Bivalent ready for metaphase

26
Q

What is the frequency of crossing over in humans?

A

Occurs at least once in each chromosome arm

27
Q

What forms between paired homologous chromosomes in meiosis?

A

Synaptonemal complex (nucleoprotein ‘zipper’)

28
Q

What occurs during Metaphase I of meiosis?

A

Alignment of tetrads on metaphase plate

29
Q

What occurs during Anaphase I of meiosis?

A

Half of tetrad (dyad) migrates to one pole, the other half to opposite pole (disjunction)

30
Q

What occurs during Telophase I of meiosis?

A

Nuclear membranes form around dyads
Cell division

31
Q

What does Meiosis II follow?

A

Telophase I or short interphase

32
Q

What form do chromosomes take during Prophase II of meiosis?

A

Each dyad composed of sister chromatids

33
Q

What occurs during Metaphase II of meiosis?

A

Alignment of dyads on metaphase plate

34
Q

What occurs during Anaphase II of meiosis?

A

Half of dyad (monads) migrate to opposite poles

35
Q

What occurs during Telophase II of meiosis?

A

Cytokinesis

36
Q

What is the difference in meiotic divisions between sperm and egg cells?

A

In oogenesis, meiotic divisions may not be continuous

37
Q

Where does the first division in oogenesis arrest?

A

Prophase I

38
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

Chromosome number is not an exact multiple of haploid number

39
Q

What is trisomy?

A

When 3 copies of a chromosome are present rather than 2

40
Q

What is trisomy 8?

A

Warkany syndrome

41
Q

What is trisomy 12?

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

42
Q

What is Trisomy 13?

A

Patau Syndrome

43
Q

What is trisomy 18?

A

Edwards Syndrome

BGM1004-Genetics (22 decks)

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