BGM1004/L02 Bacterial Genetics I Flashcards

1
Q

What is genetics?

A

The study of inheritance and manipulation of genetic information

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2
Q

Why do we study genetics? (3)

A

Improve understanding of how organisms work
Detect and treat diseases
Exploit organisms for benefit of humankind and environment

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3
Q

What genetic approaches existed before DNA manipulation? (2)

A

Classical genetics
Random mutagenesis, selection and re-assortment of an organism’s characteristic by genetic crosses

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4
Q

What is CRISPR?

A

Recently developed technology that facilitates in vivo genetic engineering with surgical precision

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5
Q

Why are bacterial genetics studied? (4)

A

Simple organisms
Exhibit most basic principles of genetics
Easy to manipulate
Short generation times

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6
Q

Why are haploid organisms useful to study? (4)

A

Easier to identify mutations within cells
Immediate effect on organism
Higher organisms usually diploid/polyploid
Most mutations are recessive

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7
Q

Give 3 Darwinian Principles.

A

Changes in heritable properties occur randomly
Vertical gene transfer
Natural selection

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8
Q

What did Luria & Delbruck show about bacterial inheritance (1941)?

A

Inheritance in bacteria was Darwinian

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9
Q

What is gene transfer from bacteria/environment to bacteria called?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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10
Q

What did the Griffith experiment (1928) show?

A

Gene transformation
Heritable properties of a bacterium can be transferred from one to another

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11
Q

What did the Lederberg & Tatum experiment (1946) show?

A

Conjugation
When 2 strains of E. coli with different traits are mixed, they could isolate progeny with traits from both parents

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12
Q

What did the Zinder & Lederberg experiment (1953) show?

A

Transduction
Bacterial viruses could carry DNA from one bacterium to another

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13
Q

Name 3 bacterial gene transfer mechanisms.

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

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14
Q

Which kind of bacterial colony causes disease?

A

Smooth (S) colonies

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15
Q

Why do smooth bacterial colonies cause disease?

A

Not easily recognised by immune system

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16
Q

Why are smooth colonies described as ‘virulent’?

A

They cause disease
Capsule evades immune system

17
Q

What happened in the Griffith experiment, when mice were injected with smooth and rough bacteria?

A

Smooth - mouse dies
Rough - mouse survives

18
Q

What happened in the Griffith experiment, when mice were injected with live rough and dead smooth bacteria? What does this suggest?

A

Mouse dies
Rough bacteria undergo horizontal gene transfer to become smooth & virulent

19
Q

What experiment was completed to show that DNA was the transforming factor in the Griffith experiment?

A

Protease or RNase was added to culture of R cells

20
Q

What term describes the appropriate physiological state of bacteria to enable transformation?

A

Competence

21
Q

What structure pulls bacteria together during conjugation?

22
Q

What is conjugation mediated by?

A

Conjugative (or fertility) plasmid

23
Q

Where is DNA stored in bacteriophages?

24
Q

What does the function of a bacteriophage tail compare to?

A

Hypodermic syringe

25
Why are phages able to complete bacterial transduction?
Mistakes when packaging DNA into phage particles
26
What do bacteriophages becomes filled with during transduction?
Another host chromosomal DNA or mixture of host and phage DNA
27
If DNA is related during bacterial transduction, how can it be integrated?
Homologous transduction