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BGM1004-Genetics > BGM1004/L07 Model Eukaryotes > Flashcards

BGM1004/L07 Model Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a model organism?

A

A well-established experimental biological system

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2
Q

Give 3 characteristics of a good model organism.

A

Rapid rate of development
Easily manipulated
Short lifespan
Readily available
Large number of offspring per generation

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3
Q

Give the 3 types of model organism.

A

Genetic
Genomic
Experimental

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4
Q

What is a genetic model organism?

A

Species amenable to genetic analysis

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5
Q

Give 3 characteristics of a genetic model organism.

A

Short generation time
Large range of mutants available
Detailed genetic maps

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6
Q

What is a genomic model organism?

A

Occupies a special position in evolution or have a particular genome size or comparison

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7
Q

What is an experimental model organism?

A

May not be genetically amenable but have certain other experimental advantages

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8
Q

Why do we need model organisms? (4)

A

Humans take a long time to mature
Unethical to manipulate human genome
One offspring per cycle
Large in size

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9
Q

What is (possibly) the simplest free-living model organism?

A

Escherichia coli

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10
Q

What type of cell is E. coli?

A

Gram negative rod shaped bacterium

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11
Q

Why is E. coli used as a model organism? (3)

A

Easy to grow
Rapid rate of generation
Easy to manipulate/transform

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12
Q

Give 5 eukaryotic models for genetic analysis.

A

Yeast
Fruit fly
Worm
Zebra fish
Mouse

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13
Q

How is DNA stored in yeast?

A

Linear chromosomes within membrane-bound nucleus

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14
Q

How do yeast divide?

A

Budding or fission

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15
Q

Give an example of a budding yeast used as a eukaryotic model.

A

Saccharomyces cerevisae

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16
Q

Give an example of a fission yeast used as a eukaryotic model.

A

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

17
Q

Give 3 advantages to S. cereviae and S. pombe as eukaryotic models.

A

Rapid growth rate
Can exist as haploid or diploid
Easily transformable with plasmids
Large mutant collections

18
Q

What biological properties do yeast share with humans? (4)

A

Cell division cycle
Gene expression
DNA replication and repair
Signalling pathways

19
Q

Give 3 advantages to Drosophila melanogaster as a eukaryotic model organism.

A

Small so large numbers maintainable
Short lifespan
Large number of offspring per cycle
Easy to cross genetics
Huge number of mutants
Many phenotypic markers

20
Q

How can D. melanogaster be transformed?

A

P element transposon and other transposons

21
Q

What allows genetic mapping of D. melanogaster?

A

Mature larvae produce giant polythene chromosomes

22
Q

Give 3 contributions from Drosophila genetics.

A

Cell signalling
Development
Neurological diseases

23
Q

Give 3 advantages of Caenorhabditis elegans as a eukaryotic model organism.

A

Small, free-living
Transparent - easy observation
Cheaply maintained
Short lifespan
Two sexes allows genetic crossing

24
Q

What is the function of siRNAs?

A

Prevent expression of gene of interest

25
Q

Give 2 contributions of C. elegans.

A

Insight into ageing and development
Cell tracking and follow through development
First mutant with increased lifespan

26
Q

Give 3 advantages to Danio rerio (zebra fish) as a eukaryotic model organism.

A

Large number of offspring per cycle
Short lifespan
Transparent embryos
Sturdy 1mm embryos are micro-injectable
Mutants via random mutagenesis possible
Knockdown via morpholinos

27
Q

What is the D. rerio an excellent model for? (4)

A

Vertebrate development
Neurobiology
Drug discovery and toxicity testing
Diseases including cancer

28
Q

Give 3 advantages of Mus musculus as eukaryotic model organism.

A

Short breeding cycle
Large number of offspring per cycle
Manipulation of embryonic stem cells allows transgenic mice

29
Q

Give 4 diseases that mice are prone to.

A

Cancers
Blindness
Obesity
Diabetes
Drug addiction
Alcoholism
Aggression
Anxiety

BGM1004-Genetics (22 decks)

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