benign urological disease

Question 1

most common kidney stones

Answer 1

calcium

Question 2

stone formation

Answer 2

supersaturation and crystal formation

Question 3

Causes of hypercalciuria

Answer 3

Hypercalcaemia, hyperparathyroidism, prolonged immobilization, vit D consumption

Question 4

why would prolonged immobalisation lead to stones

Answer 4

Excessive resorption of calcium from bone

Question 5

symptoms of stones

Answer 5

pain, nausea, haematuria, sweating and vomiting, colic pain

Question 6

bladder stones presentation

Answer 6

urinary frequency and haematuria

Question 7

urethral stones presentation

Answer 7

bladder outflow obstruction, resulting in anuria and painful bladder distension

Question 8

stones urinalysis investigation

Answer 8

mid-stream specimen of urine for culture and measurement of serum urea, electrolytes, creatinine and calcium levels

Question 9

best diagnostic test for stones

Answer 9

Unenhanced helical (spiral) CT

Question 10

brain parts involved in micturition

Answer 10

cerebral cortex and pons

Question 11

why do you get stress incontinence

Answer 11

spincter weakness

Question 12

with stress icontinence when do you wee

Answer 12

increased abdo pressure e.g. coughing

Question 13

what might you give post menopausal women with stress incontinence

Answer 13

oestrogen creams

Question 14

urge incontinence

Answer 14

strong desire to pee

Question 15

common cause of urge incontinence

Answer 15

detrusor instablity

Question 16

urge incontinence is treated with

Answer 16

anticholinergic agents

Question 17

examples of anticholinergics

Answer 17

oxybutynin

Question 18

who is commonly affected by overflow incontinence

Answer 18

men with prostatic hypertrophy

Question 19

what would you find on examination for overflow incontinence

Answer 19

distended bladder

Question 20

how do you manage overflow incont

Answer 20

catheter