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anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of anaemia

A

fatigue, faintness and breathlessness

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2
Q

anaemia signs

A

skin and mucous membranes are pale; there may be a tachycardia

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3
Q

microcytic anaemias examples

A

Iron deficiency
Anaemia of chronic disease
Thalassaemia
Sideroblastic anaemia

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4
Q

normocytic anaemias

A 
Acute blood loss 
Anaemia of chronic disease
Combined deficiency, e.g. iron and folate
Marrow infiltration/ fibrosis
Endocrine disease
Haemolytic anaemias
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5
Q

macrocytic anaemias

A 
Megaloblastic   
Vitamin B12 deficiency  
Folate deficiency 
Normoblastic 
Alcohol
Hypothyroidism
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6
Q

what drug can cause macrocytic anaemia

A

azathioprine

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7
Q

what is low in microcytic anaemia

A

mean corpuscular Hb

mean corpuscular Hb concentration

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8
Q

what is iron important for

A

formation of haem

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9
Q

what things give rise to iron absorption

A

gastric acid, iron deficiency and increased erythropoietic activity

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10
Q

how is iron removed from the body

A

shedding of skin and mucosal cells and excretion in sweat, urine and faeces

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11
Q

how is iron transported in plasma

A

tansferrin

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12
Q

where is transferrin synthesised

A

liver

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13
Q

how is iron stored

A

ferritin

haemosiderin

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14
Q

iron deficient microcytic anaemia ferritin

A

low

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15
Q

In thalassaemia, sideroblastic anaemia and anaemia of chronic disease iron stores

A

normal

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16
Q

sideroblastic anaemia bone marrow

A

sideroblastic rings

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17
Q

ring sideroblasts

A

erythroblasts with iron deposited in mitochondria

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18
Q

two ways of getting sideroblastic anaemia

A

inhertied acquired

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19
Q

how might you aquire sideroblastic anaemia

A

myelodysplasia, alcohol excess, lead toxicity, isoniazid

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20
Q

isoniazid?

A

antibiotic used to treat TB

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21
Q

initial investigation of macrocytic anaemia

A

measurement of serum B12 and red cell folate

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22
Q

megaloblast

A

developing red blood cells with delayed nuclear maturation in bone marrow

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23
Q

most common cause of megaloblastic anaemia

A

vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

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24
Q

where is intrinsic factor secreted

A

parietal cells

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25
where is B12 absorbed
termianl ilium
26
pernicious anaemia
autimmune loss of parietal cells = loss of B12 absorption
27
association of pernicious anaemia and other diseases
thyroid disease, Addison’s disease and vitiligo
28
ppernicous is micro/normo/macro
macrocytic
29
B12 in pernicious
low
30
what might happen to serum bilirubin in pernicious
high - excess breakdown in hb
31
management of penricious anaemia
IM hydroxycbalamain | oral B12
32
main cause of folate deficiency
poor intake
33
what can you get with B12 deficeincy that you wont get with folate def
nueropathy
34
what value will be good to assess in folate deficiency
red cell folate
35
folate treatment
folic acid
36
why do women take folic acid in pregnancy
Prevention of neural tube defects
37
Anaemia caused by marrow failure
aplastic anaemia
38
pancytopaenia
deficiency of all cell elements of | the blood
39
symptoms of pancytopaenia
anaemia, increased susceptibility to infection and | bleeding - bruising, bleeding gums and epistaxis.
40
bone marrow assessment of pancytopaenia
hypocellular marrow with increased | fat spaces
41
spherocytosis inheritance pattern
autosomal dominant
42
pathopys of spherocytosis
defect in the red cell membrane causes an increased permeability to sodium; the red cells become spherical in shape and are destroyed prematurely in the spleen
43
clinical picture of spherocytosis
anaemia jaundice splenomegaly
44
management of spherocytosis
splenectamy
45
thalassaemia
inbalance of a or b globin chains
46
β-Thalassaemia minor (trait).
asymptomatic heterozygous carrier
47
β-Thalassaemia intermedia.
patients with moderate anaemia that does not require regular blood transfusions Splenomegaly, bone deformities, recurrent leg ulcers and gallstones
48
β-Thalassaemia major (homozygous β-thalassaemia).
presents in the first year of life with severe anaemia Hypertrophy of the ineffective bone marrow leads to bony abnormalities
49
in homozygous β-thalassaemia where does red cell production happen and what does this lead to
spleen and liver, the chief sites of red cell | production in fetal life, leads to hepatosplenomegaly
50
homozygous β-thalassaemia treatment
blood transfusion
51
sickle syndrome
sickle βglobin gene is inherited
52
sicked cells problems
Premature destruction of red cells (haemolysis) | Obstruction of the microcirculation (vaso-occlusion), leading to tissue infarction
53
when do sickle cell anaemic people realise they have it
at 6 months when all the fetal haemoglobin is gone
54
vaso oclusion in childrne
pain in the hands a feet due to occlusion of the small vessels and avascular necrosis of bone marrow
55
vaso oclusion in adults
bone pain most commonly affects the long bones, ribs, spine and pelvis
56
sickle cell anaemia what anaemia symptoms do they get
none
57
consequence of avscular necrosis of bone in childern
short
58
how is sickle cell screened for
heel prick test
59
blood count investigation of sickle cell results
haemoglobin is low and reticulocytes are high
60
reticulocyte
immature red blood cell
61
sickle cell treatment
transfusions folic acid daily penicillin
62
what are the two types of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and what does it mean
warm and cold | whether the antibody reacts best at body temperature or at lower temperatures
63
immunoglobins involved in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
IgG and IgM
64
what is the test for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
cooms
65
what is given for warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
steroids, if they dont work splenectomy
66
treatment of cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
avoid the cold
67
what class of drug are retuximab and azathiopurine
immunosuppressants
68
when do you get increased synthesis of cold agglutinins
after infections

metabolic diseases (11 decks)

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