Belza

Question 1

Research

Answer 1

systematic inquiry to validate and refine existing knowledge and generate knowledge

Question 2

Nursing research

Answer 2

systematic inquiry to answer questions relevant to nursing profession

Question 3

Ways of Knowing

Answer 3

• Introspection
• Experience
• Tradition
• Intuition
• Authority
• Trial & Error
• Reasoning
• Modeling
• Borrowing
• RESEARCH

Question 4

Significance of research

Answer 4

1. Specialized body of knowledge: evidence- based practice is formed
   - -> promotes quality outcomes
2. Nurses are held accountable for quality care
3. allows for description, exploration, prediction, control of phenomena essential to nursing

Question 5

Translational research

Answer 5

moving knowledge gained from the basic sciences to its application in clinical and community settings

Question 6

Multi method or triangulation

Answer 6

methods are combined (quan+qual in a single study)

Question 7

Quantitative research

Answer 7

formal, objective systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information

Question 8

Quan. Rigor

Answer 8

Adherence to detail and accuracy as evident by concise purpose, detailed design explicit ptotocols, measurement of variables

Question 9

Control

Answer 9

imposing rules to decrease possibility that findings are accurate reflection of reality; achieved through design and control of extraneous variables

Question 10

Types (Quan)

Answer 10

1. Experimental
2. Quasi-experimental
3. Exploratory
4. Descriptive

Question 11

Experimental

Answer 11

Examine cause and effect relationships between interventions and outcomes under controlled conditions, there is possibility of control or manipulation of situation

• -> more control
• -> increased internal validity

Question 12

Quasi-experimental

Answer 12

explains cause and effect of relationships among individual and dependent variables, can be used to determine effect of nursing interventions on outcomes

• ->more practical: ease od implementation
• -> more feasible: resources, subjects, time
• ->more appropriate for many nursing topics
• -> more generalized: comparable to practice

Question 13

Exploratory

Answer 13

examines relationships between 2 or more variables and determines type/strength

Question 14

descriptiv

Answer 14

explore and describe phenomena in real-life situations

Question 15

control

Answer 15

• sampling: random vs. nonrandom
• setting: highly controlled vs. natural
• study intervention protocol
• quality of measurement methods
• subjects knowledge of being studied (Hawthorne effect)

Question 16

Areas of appraise (quan)

Answer 16

• Research problem
• research question and hypotheses
• literature review
• internal and external validity
• research design
• sampling
• ethical issues
• data reliability and validity of measures
• collection methods and procedures
• data analysis, conclusions, recommendations
• applicability to nursing practice

Question 17

reviews

Answer 17

1. narrative review
2. quick scoping review
3. rapid evidence assessment
4. full systematic review

Question 18

narrative review

Answer 18

• type of secondary review with reliance on experts to gather evidence and synthesize findings
  strength: reviews many sources of information on a topic
  limitations: not systematic, risk of bias

Question 19

scoping review

Answer 19

map key concepts in an area/examine area to determine value of conducting a systematic review
- process where literature is identified, examined, gaps are identified

Question 20

systematic reviews

Answer 20

identifies, appraises and synthesizes the empirical evidence that meets prespecified eligibility criteria to answer research question

• summarizes numerous and contradictory findings in an unbiased, methodical way
• used to help groups and individuals make decisions to improve people´s health (Recommendations and guidelines; Benefit design, coverage and policy decisions; Public policy; Performance measures;  Individual patient care)

Question 21

Critical appraisal of systematic reviews

Answer 21

1. Review Question: Is it clearly an explicitly stated?
2. Search Strategy: were comprehensive methods used to locate studies? Was thorough search done of appropriate databases and were other potentially important souces explored?
3. Inclusion criteria: How were studies selected?
4. Critical Appraisal: Was the validity of studies assessed appropriately?
5. Data Synthesis: How were studies combined? Were findings combined appropriately?
6. Similarity of Studies: Were the populations of the different studies similar? Was the same intervention evaluated by the individual studies? Were the same outcomes used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention being evaluated? Were reasons for differences between studies explored?
7. Reporting of Findings: Are review methods clearly documented? Is the review question clearly and explicitly stated? Was the search strategy reported? Was the inclusion criteria reported? Was the criteria for appraising studies reported? Were the methods used to combine studies reported?
8. Conclusions and Recommendations: Is a summary of findings provided? Are specific directives for new research proposed? Were the recommendations supported by the reported data?

Question 22

Integrative reviews

Answer 22

include quan and qual studies

Question 23

stages of integrative review process

Answer 23

1. Problem formulation
2. data collection
3. evaluation of data
4. data analysis
5. interpretation and presentation of results

Question 24

Ethnography

Answer 24

• describes pattern of behavior within a culture
• culture is fundamental as it is the structure of meaning through which we shape experience
• understand culture by capturing beliefs, knowledge, group activities

Question 25

Phenomenology

Answer 25

- Goal: understand the world as the person who has had the experience sees it - Bracketing: awareness of own beliefs, trying to see the experience as the person it sees rather than filtered through own prejudices; laying aside what is known - Collect data through observation, videotape and/or written description

Question 26

Grounded theory

Answer 26

- Goal: develop a theory about social processes (based in sociology) - Grounded = theory developed from the research is based on data - People create reality by attaching meanings to situations - Data collected by interview, observation, records; coded and categorized with theory as outcome to explain the phenomenon

Question 27

analytic steps

Answer 27

1. concrete experience: data, transcripts and notes 2. familiarization with data, time on reflection; recording of data 3. extraction of key concepts 4. active experimentation- look for patterns, test for fit - -> 1....

Question 28

Rigor in qual

Answer 28

- Adherence to a philosophy - Thoroughness in collecting data - Researchers self-understanding - Consideration of all data during analysis

Question 29

COREQ

Answer 29

tool to improve reporting quality in qualitative studies

Question 30

EBN

Answer 30

1. Individual clinical experts 2. patients values and Expectations 3. best available clinical evidence

Question 31

EBN Benefits

Answer 31

- Improved health outcomes - Guidelines indicate best treatment for care in an area to promote quality health outcomes, assist providers in making best clinical decisions - Promotes delivery of quality, cost-effective care to patients and families and meets accreditation criteria

Question 32

EBN Barriers

Answer 32

- Nursing lacks research for EBP - Development of evidence-based guidelines has lead to “cookbook” approach to care - Some healthcare agencies do not provide resources to support EBP - Some nurses do not have background to read research and do not see the value of EBP

Question 33

Research for Evidence pyramid (bottom to top)

Answer 33

1. expert opinion 2. research articles (RCTs, Cohort studies, qual, studies, etc.) 3. evidence guidelines 4. evidence summaries and abstracts 5. systematic reviews and meta-analysis