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A Level Psychology: Component 1 > Behaviourist Approach - Therapy: Aversion Therapy > Flashcards

Behaviourist Approach - Therapy: Aversion Therapy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is addiction

A
  • A compulsive chronic, physiological or psychological need for a habit forming substance/activity having harmful physical/psychological/social effects.
  • Typically causing well defined symptoms (e.g. anxiety, irritability, tremors or nausea) upon withdrawal or abstinence
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2
Q

How would the behaviourist approach explain addiction

A
  1. UCS (alcohol) = UCR (happy)
  2. NS (branding, ‘Peroni’) = NR (doesn’t feel anything)
  3. NS (branding, ‘Peroni’) + UCS (alcohol) = UCR (happy)
  4. CS (branding, ‘Peroni’) = CR (wants more because it makes you happy)
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3
Q

What are the different steps in beginning Aversion therapy

A
  1. Client undergoes medical examination + health check = Ensures they’re fit and able to proceed with therapy
  2. Therapist works with client = educating on how it works and what is to be expected
  3. Therapist obtains valid consent from client to proceed. Client MUST demonstrate they understand what the therapy will involve, confirming and giving consent to proceed
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4
Q

How can we use the principles of classical conditioning to treat addiction, what is this called?

A
  1. Naturally unpleasant stimulus (UCS) = Negative response (UCR)
  2. Naturally unpleasant stimulus (USC) + addictive behaviour (NS) = Negative response (UCR)
  3. Addictive behaviour (CS) = Negative response (CR)

—> called: Counter-conditioning

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5
Q

Explain the process using classical conditioning, Aversion therapy for alcoholism

A
  1. UCS (Antabuse) = UCR (feel ill)
  2. NS (alcohol) = NR (want it)
  3. NS (alcohol) + UCS (Antabuse) = UCR (feel ill)
  4. CS (alcohol) = CR (feel ill, so not want it anymore)
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6
Q

Explain the process using classical conditioning, Aversion therapy for nicotine addiction

A
  1. UCS (shock) = UCR (pain)
  2. NS (nicotine) = NR (want more)
  3. NS (nicotine) + UCS (shock) = (pain)
  4. CS (nicotine) = CR (don’t want anymore due to pain that comes with it)
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7
Q

What is Covert Sensitisation

A
  • unique type of aversion therapy that differs from traditional therapy by getting patients to imagine the negative consequences rather than experiencing them in real life
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8
Q

What is Operant Conditioning and Negative Reinforcment

A
  • The avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus means that patients are unlikely to repeat the negative behaviour
  • phone addict will start to feel anxious if they even see a phone so they avoid them to avoid that negative feeling
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9
Q

What is the chemical used in Antabuse

A
  • Tryptophan Metabodies
  • Prevent alcohol from being properly converted in body
  • they turn it into a chemical that causes unpleasant side effects (Nausea, hot flushes)
  • Rewards abstinence by inducing feelings of well being
  • created by (Badawy, 1999)
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10
Q

How does aversion work with reward and punishment

A
  • Negative reinforcement: you abstain(take away alcohol) = you feel better
  • Positive Punishment: when you drink alcohol = given a bad feeling
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11
Q

what is the Ethical issue from the researcher’s POV: Valid consent

A
  • Valid consent = revealing true aims of study
  • HOWEVER revealing it might cause participants to guess aims of study
  • then participants might change their own behaviour to fit in with what they think the result is
  • researchers THEREFORE may not reveal true aim
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12
Q

what is the Ethical issue from the researcher’s POV: Deception

A
  • sometimes it’s necessary to deceive participants about true aims, otherwise they’ll alter their behaviour (Makes study meaningless)
  • HOWEVER A DISTINCTION NEEDS TO BE MADE between…
    1. withholding some details of research aims (reasonably acceptable)
    2. deliberately providing false info (less acceptable)
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13
Q

what is the Ethical issue from the researcher’s POV: Risk of harm

A
  • some research involves a degree of risk (psychological or physical) to participant
  • difficult to predict outcome of certain procedures = difficult to guarantee protection from any risk of harm
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14
Q

what is the Ethical issue from the researcher’s POV: Confidentiality

A
  • difficult to protect confidentiality as researchers want to publish findings
  • Researchers guarantee anonymity (withholding participants name)
  • however it could still be obvious who was in the study by the location of the study
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15
Q

what is the Ethical issue from the researcher’s POV: Privacy

A
  • It may be difficult to avoid invasion of privacy when studying participants without their awareness
  • e.g. in a field experiment
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16
Q

what is the Ethical issue from the Participant’s POV: Valid consent

A
  • should be told what study includes = make decision to participate
  • its a basic human right, established during the Nuremburg war trials
  • even if consent is obtained, participants might not fully understand what they’ve let themselves in for. Epstein and Lasagna (1969) found 1/3 knew what they had volunteered for
  • requirement for researcher to point out any benefits or risks
17
Q

what is the Ethical issue from the Participant’s POV: Deception

A
  • deception = unethical
  • researcher shouldn’t deceive without good reason
  • deception prevents valid consent, could cause distress to participants if they don’t know what’s going on
  • it can make some psychologists seem untrustworthy, therefore participant doesn’t take part in future studies
18
Q

what is the Ethical issue from the Participant’s POV: Risk of harm

A
  • getting participants to smoke, or drink coffee excessively may cause risk of physical harm
  • getting participants to feel inadequate or embarrassing them may cause psychological harm
  • ONLY ethical if risk of harm is the same as every day life
  • participants need to be in the same state before and after the experiment, unless valid consent is given to be treated otherwise
19
Q

what is the Ethical issue from the Participant’s POV: Confidentiality

A
  • Data Protection Act makes confidentiality a legal right
  • only acceptable for personal data to be recorded if the data are not made availible in a form that identifies the participant
20
Q

what is the Ethical issue from the Participant’s POV: Privacy

A
  • people don’t expect to be observed by others in certain situations
  • e.g. not expected in their own homes. But expected if sitting on a park bench in public
21
Q

List all 3 assumptions and apply them to aversion therapy

A
  • blank slate: we can unlearn learned behaviour to reduce undesirable behaviour
  • Behaviour can be learned through conditioning: we can condition patients to associate undesirable behaviour with something unpleasant. Using positive reinforcement (reward) for abstinence from undesirable behaviour
  • humans and animals learn in similar ways: we can generalise from one undesirable stimulus to another
22
Q

What did Miler (1997) prove for aversion therapy’s effectiveness

A
  • Alcoholics went through either: Aversion therapy, counselling, and both combined)
  • 1 year later, recovery was the same for all groups of alcoholics = aversion therapy is just as effective as other methods
23
Q

What did Smith et al. (1997) prove for aversion therapy’s effectiveness

A
  • alcoholics treated with aversion therapy (shocks/drugs)
  • Maintained higher rates of abstinence after 1 year then those with just counselling alone
  • Therefore aversion therapy = more effective than other methods
24
Q

What did Smith (1988) prove for aversion therapy’s effectiveness

A
  • from a group of 300 smokers
  • 52% treated with shock
  • All those maintained abstinence after 1 year
25
Q

What did Bancroft (1992) prove for aversion therapy’s effectiveness

A
  • 50% of patients refused/dropped out of treatment
  • Making it difficult to evaluate if only the willing patients engage in the therapy in the first place
26
Q

How does the long-term effects prove aversion therapy’s effectiveness

A
  • patients treated in an office may recover
  • HOWEVER, not likely to in outside world because = consequence of shock/nausea drug isn’t there
  • Pavlov found that the conditioned response eventually becomes extinguished when CS isn’t paired with UCS
27
Q

How does symptom substitution prove aversion therapy’s effectiveness

A
  • doesn’t treat the possible underlying causes
  • They believe that maladaptive behaviour is the disorder
  • Therefore causes go untreated
  • Therefore other bad habits form
  • E.g. 🚬 turns into gambling 🎰
28
Q

How are the ethical issues of Antabuse sorted out

A
  • accept that there’s harm there = ethical issue
  • But the long-term effects of living with addiction is much more dangerous
29
Q

How are the ethical issue of what happened to Billy Clegg-Hill sorted out

A
  • Billy had aversion therapy to cure homosexuality
  • He died in a coma from convulsions
  • Caused by apomorphine
  • Sorted by: we can use milder forms of aversion therapy instead (covert sensitisation)
30
Q

How are the ethical issues of making sure the patient knows what’s going on sorted out

A
  • 50% drop out = how bad it was
  • Therefore: we take 3 step so patients can give full consent
  • Do 1 medical check
  • Educate them, then educate them again (step 2 & 3)

A Level Psychology: Component 1 (40 decks)

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