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behaviourism Flashcards

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1
Q

What do Behaviourists believe?

A

Behaviour should be observable and measurable

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2
Q

what do behaviourists believe about animals?

A

animal behaviour is comparable to human behaviour

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3
Q

Where do behaviourists believe behaviour is learned from?

A

the environment

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4
Q

What do behaviourists refer to humans as?

A

tabula rasa

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5
Q

what language is ‘tabula rasa’?

A

latin

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6
Q

what does ‘tabula rasa’ mean?

A

blank slate

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7
Q

when are humans tabula rasa?

A

when we are born, when we come into the world

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8
Q

How many approaches do the behaviourists believe in?

A

2

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9
Q

What are the 2 behaviourist approaches?

A

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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10
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov study?

A

Classical conditioning (behaviourism)

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11
Q

What did BF Skinner study?

A

Operant conditioning (behaviourism)

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12
Q

Who was Ivan Pavlov?

A

a russian scientist who won the nobel prize for his research into the digestive system of dogs

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13
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

learning through association

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14
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov want to test about classical conditioning?

A

if he could get a dog to salivate from just hearing the sound of a bell and not when the food was presented

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15
Q

What stimulus in classical conditioning elicits no response?

A

neutral stimulus (bell)

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16
Q

What stimulus in classical conditioning elicits an unconditioned response?

A

an unconditioned stimulus (dog food->dog salivates unconsciously/ not learned)

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17
Q

What is created when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditional stimulus ?

A

a conditioned stimulus (dog has learned it gets food when bell rings so salivates when it hears the sound of the bell)

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18
Q

what does classical conditioning apply to?

A

involuntary reflex behaviours

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19
Q

Is there generalisation in classical conditioning?

A

yes- volume or pitch of bell could change but dogs would still salivate as long as the bell sounded similar.

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20
Q

Is there discrimination in classical conditioning?

A

yes. if bell sound gets to dissimilar dogs will no longer salivate

21
Q

Is there extinction in classical conditioning?

A

yes. if the bell keeps being rung with no food presented, the dogs will stop salivating at the bell as they are no longer associated together.

22
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

the gradual weakening of a conditioned response

23
Q

What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

A

The sound becomes too different

24
Q

What is generalisation in classical conditioning?

A

conditioned stimulus (bell) is generalised to other sounds

25
Q

What is spontaneous discovery in classical conditioning?

A

sudden display of behaviour that was thought to to be extinct

26
Q

What project did BF skinner run?

A

project pigeon

27
Q

What did there government as BF skinner to create?

A

a pigeon led bomb

28
Q

What did BF Skinner find about Ivan Pavlovs stimulus- response reaction?

A

it was not enough when it came to human behaviour

29
Q

What did BF skinner believe?

A

behaviour is determined by its consequence, and shaped and maintained by its consequence

30
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

learning through consequence

31
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

A consequence that INCREASES the likelihood of a particular behaviour being repeated.

32
Q

What is punishment?

A

A consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of a particular behaviour being repeated.

33
Q

Does reinforcement strengthen or weaken a behaviour?

A

strengthen

34
Q

Does punishment strengthen or weaken a behaviour?

A

weaken

35
Q

What two animals did BF Skinner study more intensely?

A

pigeons and rats

36
Q

What was the box called that Skinner used to test punishment and reinforcement on rats?

A

Skinner box

37
Q

What does operant conditioning apply to?

A

voluntary response

38
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

when behaviour is reinforced every time it happens

39
Q

What is partial reinforcement?

A

when behaviour is reinforced some of the time

40
Q

What type of reinforcement works less over time (extinction)

A

continuous reinforcement?

41
Q

What type of enforcement is more resistant to extinction?

A

partial reinforcement

42
Q

What is ratio?

A

number of responses

43
Q

What is interval?

A

amount of time

44
Q

What is fixed?

A

stays the same

45
Q

What is variable?

A

changes

46
Q

What is fixed ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses / behaviours has occurred.

47
Q

What is varied ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcement is given after a varying number of responses / behaviours has occurred.

48
Q

What is fixed interval schedule?

A

Reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time elapses following the behaviour being performed.

49
Q

What is variable interval schedule?

A

Reinforcement is given after a varying amount of time elapses following the behaviour being performed.

psychology (6 decks)

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