⭐️ behaviourism✅

Question 1

• what is the behaviourist approach?
• what did they use too conduct their research? what did they reject?
• what do they believe about all behaviour?
• what are the two forms of learning?

Answer 1

• studies behaviour that can be observed and measured not bothered with investigating mental processes.
• lab studies to maintain high control and objectivity within their research. they rejected introspection bc it involved too many vague concepts
• that its learnt, babies are born with a blank slate that is written on with experience.
• classical and operant conditioning

Question 2

• what is classical conditioning?
• who came up with this and what did they study?
• what did the dogs learn to do overtime?
• what did that show?

Answer 2

• learning through association
• pavlov, showed how dogs could be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell if it was repeatedly present at the same time as food.
• learnt to salivate every time they heard the sound of the bell.
• showed how a neutral stimulus (bell) can elect a new response (cr) through association

Question 3

classical conditioning:

briefly explain the process giving an example

Answer 3

an unconditioned stimulus → unconditioned response

neutral stimulus → no response

US + NS → UR

eg;
food (UCS) → pleasure (UCR)

mother (NS) → no response

food (UCS) + mom (NS) → UCR

mom (CS) → pleasure (CR)

Question 4

operant conditioning:

• who came up with this and what did they say?
• what is positive reinforcement? give an example

Answer 4

• skinner claimed we learn through reinforcement, behaviour is shaped by consequences.
• receiving a positive reward when a certain is shown so it is repeated bc they like being praised
  eg. praise from a teacher for answering a question correctly.

Question 5

operant conditioning:

what is negative reinforcement? example?

what was skinners research?

Answer 5

• when you avoid something unpleasant for a positive outcome
  eg. handing in your hwk on time so you don’t get a detention
• studied rats in a box, every time the rat activated a lever it was rewarded with food, from then on the rat would continue to do such behav. - they may lean that pressing the lever avoids the electric shocks so this behave augur is negatively reinforced.

Question 6

operant conditioning:
(punishment)

• what is punishment? eg?
• what does positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of?
• what does punishment decrease the likelihood of?

Answer 6

• the unpleasant consequence of behaviour
• eg. being shouted at in lessons for talking
• that the behaviour will be repeated
• that the behaviour will be repeated

Question 7

AO3:
✅ 2 strengths

❌ weakness

Answer 7

✅ scientific credibility bc its based on well controlled research in lab settings → extraneous variables were removed allowing cause- and- effect relationships to be established.

✅ principles of conditioning have been applied to real world behaviours and problems. for eg. operant conditioning is present in token economy systems that have been successful in institutions.

❌ environmental determinism - sees all behaviour as conditioned from out past that determine pr outcomes → this ignores the idea ofd free will - skimmer himself said free will is an illusion.