Behavioural Theories of Anxiety and Depression

Question 1

Aside from Prozac, give an example of another SSRI often used for treatment in anxiety

Answer 1

Citalopram

Question 2

What is “Learning”?

Answer 2

A permanent change in behaviour that results from experience

Question 3

What is the hypothesized neuronal basis for Learning Behaviour? 3 examples

Answer 3

1. Amygdala (involved in learning & fear)
2. More axonal connections between neurones
3. Increased NT release efficiency between neurones

Question 4

What is Associative Learning?

Answer 4

Learning that certain events go together

Question 5

What are the two types of Associative Learning?

Answer 5

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Question 6

What is Vicarious learning?

Answer 6

Learning by direct observation, i.e. modelling

Question 7

What is Classical conditioning also known as?

Answer 7

Respondent learning

Question 8

What is Operant conditioning also known as?

Answer 8

Instrumental learning

Question 9

Who was Classical conditioning described by?

Answer 9

Pavlov

Question 10

Who was Operant conditioning described by?

Answer 10

Skinner

Question 11

Out of the two types of Associative learning, which is “passive”?

Answer 11

Classical Conditioning

Question 12

Out of the two types of Associative learning, which is “active”?

Answer 12

Operant Conditioning

Question 13

Describe Classical Conditioning

Answer 13

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus by repeated pairing

Question 14

Describe Operant Conditioning

Answer 14

The alteration of behaviour by reward or punishment

Question 15

What are the four types of Operant Conditioning subtypes?

Answer 15

Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction

Question 16

In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, what was the UCS, UCR, and CS and CR?

Answer 16

UCS = food
UCR = saliva 
CS = bell
CR = salivation due to bell only

Question 17

What is Positive Reinforcement?

Answer 17

Giving a stimulus leads to an increase effect on behaviour

Question 18

What is Punishment?

Answer 18

Giving a stimulus leads to a decrease effect on behaviour

Question 19

What is Negative Reinforcement?

Answer 19

Removing a stimulus causes an increase effect on behaviour

Question 20

What is Extinction?

Answer 20

Removing a stimulus causes a decrease effect on behaviour

Question 21

For Positive Reinforcement to be effective, what does the reinforcer have to be?

Answer 21

Immediate or linked to the act

Question 22

Picking up a crying baby, for the mother is a form of..?

Answer 22

Negative Reinforcement

Question 23

How do you treat a phobia?

Answer 23

Graded exposure of object which makes you fearful will make you eventually habituated to it