Behavioural Theories of Anxiety and Depression Flashcards
Aside from Prozac, give an example of another SSRI often used for treatment in anxiety
Citalopram
What is “Learning”?
A permanent change in behaviour that results from experience
What is the hypothesized neuronal basis for Learning Behaviour? 3 examples
- Amygdala (involved in learning & fear)
- More axonal connections between neurones
- Increased NT release efficiency between neurones
What is Associative Learning?
Learning that certain events go together
What are the two types of Associative Learning?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
What is Vicarious learning?
Learning by direct observation, i.e. modelling
What is Classical conditioning also known as?
Respondent learning
What is Operant conditioning also known as?
Instrumental learning
Who was Classical conditioning described by?
Pavlov
Who was Operant conditioning described by?
Skinner
Out of the two types of Associative learning, which is “passive”?
Classical Conditioning
Out of the two types of Associative learning, which is “active”?
Operant Conditioning
Describe Classical Conditioning
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus by repeated pairing
Describe Operant Conditioning
The alteration of behaviour by reward or punishment
What are the four types of Operant Conditioning subtypes?
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction
In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, what was the UCS, UCR, and CS and CR?
UCS = food UCR = saliva CS = bell CR = salivation due to bell only
What is Positive Reinforcement?
Giving a stimulus leads to an increase effect on behaviour
What is Punishment?
Giving a stimulus leads to a decrease effect on behaviour
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Removing a stimulus causes an increase effect on behaviour
What is Extinction?
Removing a stimulus causes a decrease effect on behaviour
For Positive Reinforcement to be effective, what does the reinforcer have to be?
Immediate or linked to the act
Picking up a crying baby, for the mother is a form of..?
Negative Reinforcement
How do you treat a phobia?
Graded exposure of object which makes you fearful will make you eventually habituated to it