Behavioural Approach To Explaining Phobias Flashcards
Who proposed the Two-Process Model of phobias?
Mowrer (1960).
What does the Two-Process Model state?
That phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and maintained because of operant conditioning.
What is classical conditioning?
Learning by association.
Who conducted the Little Albert study?
Watson and Rayner (1920).
What happened in the Little Albert study?
- Albert (9 month old baby) has no fear at the start when shown a white rat.
- They then presented Albert the white rat followed by a loud frightening noise.
- Albert learned to associate the noise with the rat.
- Albert became fearful of the rat without the loud noise.
What was the unconditioned stimulus in the Little Albert experiment?
The loud noise.
What was the unconditioned response in the Little Albert experiment?
The fear/distress felt because of the loud noise.
What was the neutral stimulus in the Little Albert experiment?
The white rat (felt no fear towards it to begin with).
What was the conditioned stimulus in the Little Albert experiment?
The white rate became it after association.
What was the conditioned response in the Little Albert experiment?
The fear produced by seeing the rat.
What is operant conditioning?
Learning by reinforcement which focuses on the consequences of behaviour?
What are the two types of reinforcement (the two consequences)?
- Positive reinforcement.
- Negative reinforcement.
What is positive reinforcement?
The addition of something positive.
What is negative reinforcement?
The removal of something negative.
Which type of reinforcement explains how phobias are maintained?
Negative.
Sufferers often _____ phobic stimuli, this results in the removal of something ________ and this leads to a _________ consequence.
- avoid.
- negative.
- desirable.
____ types of reinforcement increase the likelihood of a behaviour being ________.
- Both.
- repeated.
What are the five evaluation points for the Two-Process Model?
+ scientific.
+ practical applications.
- not providing an explanation for all phobias.
- reductionist.
+ seen as ‘humane’ due to being environmentally determinist.
