Behaviour Modifying

Question 1

What are they used for in cats?

Answer 1

excessive vocalization, compulsive disorder, separation anxiety

Question 2

What are they used for in dogs?

Answer 2

separation anxiety, aggression, loud noise phobia, compulsive disorder

Question 3

What 3 NTs contribute to anxiety?

Answer 3

Monoamines
- serotonin, NE, dopamine
Gaba, glutamate (NMDA), Ach

Question 4

What are two sites of action of these drugs?

Answer 4

blocking monamine oxidase

reuptake inhibitors

Question 5

Name the drug classes and their subtypes

Answer 5

Antidepressants

• TCA
• SSRI
• SARI
• MOI

Anxiolytics

• Bezodiazapines
• Azapirones

Antiphsychotics

• Phenothiazines
• butyrophenone

Others

• NMDA antagonists
• Narcotic antagonists

Question 6

Name 2 TCA antidepressant

Answer 6

Clomipramine (clomicalm)

Amitriptyline

Question 7

What is the MOA, use, and side effects of TCA (clomipramine)

Answer 7

Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and NE
used for: anxiety states (separation, aggression, urine marking, general anxiety, excessive vocalization, phobias), compulsive disorders (stereotypies)

can be used in combo with anxiolytics

Side effects: mild sedation, dry mouth, tachycardia, urinary retention, constipation, hypotension, arrhythmias

Question 8

Name a SSRI antidepressant

Answer 8

Fluoxetine (reconcile) -no vet formula

Question 9

What is the MOA, use and side effects of SSRI (fluoxetine)?

Answer 9

inhibits reuptake of serotonin

used for: anxiety states (separation, aggression, urine marking, general, excessive vocalization, phobias)

used alone or in combo

Side effects: mild sedation, GI irritation, excessive vocalization, seizures.

Transdermal = poor bioavailability

Question 10

Name a SARI antidepressant

Answer 10

Trazadone

Question 11

What is the MOA, use and side effects of SARI (trazadone)?

Answer 11

antagonize post synaptic 5HT2, histaminic (H1), and adrenergic (A1)
agonist on 5HT1 (may impact GABA)

used in combo with SSRI and TCA in dogs
dog: half life of 3h and 85% F

study in horses = oral absorption can cause ataxia and sedation

Question 12

Name a MAOi antidepressant. Not marketed.

Answer 12

selegiline (anipryl)
used for: canine cognitive dysfunction
ineffective

Question 13

What is serotonin syndrome?

Answer 13

too much serotonin in the CNS

TCA + SSRI + MAOi + others (tramadol)

Question 14

What are autonomic, neuro, mental and other signs of serotonin syndrome?

Answer 14

Auto: tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, diarrhea
Neuro: tremors, myoclonus, hyperflexia
Mental: restless, paradoxical anxiety, confusion, agitation, coma
other: metabolic acidosis, renal failure, DIC

Question 15

What is the treatment for serotonin syndrome?

Answer 15

fluids, external cooling, diazapam

Question 16

Name 2 common benzodiazepine anxiolytics

Answer 16

diazepam (valium)

midazolam

Question 17

What is the MOA, use and side effects of benzodiazepines

Answer 17

bind to GABA receptor, stabilize membranes

used for: anxiety (fear and phobias), urine spraying
used alone or in combo

Side effects: sedation, ataxia, increased appetite, increased friendliness, paradoxial excitation +/- hepatic necrosis, can interfere with learning and memory

Question 18

Name an Azapirone anxiolytic.

Answer 18

Buspirone (human generic tablets)

Question 19

What is the MOA, use and side effects of azapirone (buspirone)

Answer 19

5HT1 partial agonist, dopaminergic antagonist?
= serotonin increase and dopamine decrease

used for: anxiety states, urine spraying (not approved in cats/dogs)
sole treatment (multicat household)
not super effective

no cyp drug interactions
no sedation
but need frequent dose

Side effects: decreased inhibition, vomiting, more affectionate, tachycardia

Question 20

What are pheromones used for?

Answer 20

urine marking
scratching (spray)
calm anxious cats + reduce urine spraying

Question 21

What pheromones are on the market?

Answer 21

Cat appeasing pheromone (CAP, feliway freinds)
- reduce intercat aggression
Dog appeasing pheromone (adaptil collar, sprays, diffusers)

Question 22

What is the best treatment for feline inappropriate urination?

Answer 22

TCA, SSRI
BDZ - not great long term
if you cant pill = pheromones

Question 23

Name an antipsychotic (phenothiazine tranquilizers)

Answer 23

Acepromazine

Question 24

What is the MOA, use and side effects of Ace?

Answer 24

decrease dopamine
CNS effect due to dopamine antagomisn

use: non-specific sedation in large and small animal

SE: hypotension, extrapyramidal signs, muscle rigidity, penile prolapse, ataxia, proposed 3rd eyelid, CYP mediated interactions

Question 25

What are extrapyramidal signs? what is the treatment?

Answer 25

excessive inhibition of dopamine receptors
involuntary muscle movements (not seizures)
- most likely with ace

Treatment: IV diphenhydramine (H1 blocker with anticholinergic)