Behavioral Science: Identity and Personality Flashcards
Formation of Identity: Psychosexual Development (Freud) –> 5 stages
Libidinal energy and the drive to reduce libidinal tension are the underlying forces accounting for human psychological processes.
Stages:
- Oral. 0-1 yr.
- Anal. 1-3 yrs.
- Phallic. 3-5 yrs.
- Latency. 5 yrs - puberty.
- Genital. Puberty through adulthood.
Formation of Identity: Psychosocial Development (Erikson) –> 8 conflicts
Based on a series of crises that derive from conflicts b/w needs and social demands.
- Trust vs. mistrust. (0-1 yr).
- Autonomy vs. shame/doubt. (1-3 yrs).
- Initiative vs. guilt. (3-6 yrs).
- Industry vs. inferiority. (6-12 yrs).
- Identity vs. role confusion. (12-20 yrs).
- Intimacy vs. isolation. (20-40 yrs).
- Generativity vs stagnation. (40-65 yrs).
- Integrity vs. despair. (65 yrs - death).
Formation of Identity: Development of Moral Reasoning (Kohlberg) –> 3 phases (preconventional, conventional, postconventional morality), 6 stages
Our cognitive abilities grow –> able to think about world in complex and nuanced ways –> affect how we solve moral dilemmas, perceive notion of right from wrong.
Phase 1: Preconventional morality (preadolescence): emphasis of consequences of moral choice. Stages 1 (obedience) and 2 (self-interest).
Phase 2: Conventional morality (adolescence to adulthood): understanding and accepting social rules. Stages 3 (conformity) and 4 (law and order).
Phase 3: Postconventional morality (adulthood, if at all): level of reasoning that not everyone is capable of, based on social mores. Stages 5 (social contract) and 6 (universal human ethics).
Formation of Identity: Cultural and Biosocial Development (Vygotsky)
The engine driving cognitive development is a child’s internalization of various aspects of the culture.
Formation of Identity: Influence of Others (Bandura)
Role-taking, Theory of Mind, Looking-glass Self, Reference group
Observational learning contributes greatly to our future behaviors.
Role-taking: experiment with other identities by taking on roles of others.
Theory of mind: ability to sense how another’s mind works.
Looking-glass self: construct of self depends on how others view us.
Reference group: our self-concept often depends on whom we’re comparing ourselves to.
Psychoanalytic Personality Theory: Freud’s Structural Model (3 parts)
Id: basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce. Pleasure principle and wish fulfillment.
Ego: “moral compass”, organizer of the mind. Suspends id, moderates superego. Reality principle.
Superego: the personality’s perfectionist, judging our actions, responding w/ pride @ accomplishments and guilt @ failures. Conscience + Ego-ideal.
Psychoanalytic Personality Theory: Freud’s Defense Mechanisms (8)
- Repression: unconsciously remove idea/feeling from consciousness.
- Suppression: consciously remove idea/feeling from consciousness.
- Regression: returning to an earlier stage of development.
- Rxn formation: transform an unacceptable impulse into its opposite.
- Projection: attribute wishes, desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else.
- Rationalization: justify attitudes, beliefs, behaviors.
- Displacement: change target of an emotion, while the feelings remain the same.
- Sublimation: channel an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction.
Psychoanalytic Personality Theory: Jung’s Structural Model
Libido ~ psychic energy (not just rooted in sexuality).
Ego ~ conscious mind.
Unconscious mind = personal + collective unconscious. Personal unconscious ~ Freud’s notion of unconscious. Collective unconscious ~ powerful system shared among all humans, residue of experiences of early ancestors.
Psychoanalytic Personality Theory: Jung’s Archetypes (4) and Personality Dichotomies (3 or 4)
Archetypes:
- Persona: aspect of our personality we present to the world. Adaptive to social interactions.
- Anima: a “man’s inner woman”.
3: Animus: a “woman’s inner man”. - Shadow: unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, actions in our consciousness.
Psychoanalytic Personality Theory: Adler’s Theory (Social Imperatives)
Personality is determined by a person’s way of striving for superiority due to social imperatives of family and society.
Inferiority complex: sense of incompleteness, imperfection, inferiority (physical and social).
Creative self: force by which each individual shapes their uniqueness, establishes personality.
Style of life: manifestation of creative self. Describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority.
Fictional finalism: an individual is motivated more by their expectations of the future than by past experiences.
Psychoanalytic Personality Theory: Horney’s Theory (Interpersonal Relationships)
Personality is a result of interpersonal relationships.
Psychoanalytic Personality Theory: Object Relations Theory
Objects persist into adulthood and impact interactions with other. An object is a representation of parents and other caregivers based on the subject’s experiences during early infancy.
Humanistic Personality Theory: Gestalt (Holistic View)
Each individual is a complete person rather than reducing them to individual behaviors or drives.
Humanistic Personality Theory: Lewin (Force Field)
Focus on situations in the present rather than past or future. The “field” is one’s current state of mind and the sum of forces (influences) on the individual at that time.
Humanistic Personality Theory: Maslow (Peak Experiences)
Self-actualized people are more likely to have peak experiences (profound and deeply moving experiences that have important and lasting effects on a person).
