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Step 1 > Behavioral Science > Flashcards

Behavioral Science Flashcards

0
Q

Case-control study

A
  • Compares a group of people with disease to a group without disease; looks for prior exposure of risk factor
  • Odds ratio
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1
Q

Cross-sectional study

A
  • Collects data from a group of people to assess frequency of disease (and related risk factors) at a particular point in time.
  • Measures disease prevalence
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2
Q

Cohort study

A
  • Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure; looks to see if exposure increases the likelihood of disease
  • Can be prospective or retrospective
  • Relative risk
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3
Q

Twin concordance study

A
  • Compares the frequency with which both monozygotic twins or both dizygotic twins develop same disease
  • measure heritability and influence of environmental factors
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4
Q

Adoption study

A
  • Compares siblings raised by biological vs. adoptive parents
  • measures heritability and influence of environmental factors
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5
Q

Clinical Trial

A
  • Experimental trial involving humans
  • Compares 2 therapeutic treatments (2 drugs or drug & placebo)
  • Study quality improved when trial= randomized, controlled, and double blind( neither patient or doctor know which treatment group they are assigned)
  • Triple blind in when the researchers analyzing the data also dont know
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6
Q

Phase I

A

Small number of healthy volunteers

-Assesses safety, toxicity and pharmacokinetics

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7
Q

Phase II

A

Small number of patients with disease of interest

-Assesses treatment efficacy (does it work), optimal dosing, and adverse effects

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8
Q

Phase III

A

Large number of patients randomly assigned either to treatment or best available treatment (or placebo)
-Compares new drug to current standard of care (is it better or as good?)

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9
Q

Phase IV

A

Post-marketing surveillance trial of patients after approval
-detects rare of long-term adverse effects; can result in drug being withdrawn from market

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10
Q

Sensitivity

A

Proportion of all people with disease who test positive or the probability that a test detects disease when disease is present
= TP/(TP+FN)

  • SNOUT: a highly SeNsitive test when negative rules OUT disease; as approach 100% false negative rate is lower!
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11
Q

Specificity

A

Proportion of all people without disease who test negative or the probability that a test indicates non-disease when disease is absent

=TN/(TN+FP)

  • SPIN: highly SPecific test rules IN a diagnosis when positive
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12
Q

Positive predictive value (PPV)

A

Portion of positive test results that are true positives; probability that the person actually has the disease given a positive test result
= TP/(TP+ FP)

** PPV varies directly with prevalence or pretest probability; high pretest probability= high PPV**

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13
Q

Negative predictive value (NPV)

A

Proportion of negative results that are true negative; probability that person actually is disease free given a negative test result

= TN/(FN+TN)

**NPV varies inversely with prevalence or pretest probability; high pretest probability = low NPV

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14
Q

Incidence

A

Incidence rate = # of new cases in a specified time period/population at risk during time period

Incidence looks at new incidents!

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15
Q

Prevalence

A

Prevalence = # of existing cases/ population at risk

Prevalence looks at all current cases

16
Q

Precision

A

consistency and reproducibility of a test

-the higher the precision the smaller the standard deviation

17
Q

Accuracy

A

The absence of systemic error or bias in the test

- systemic error reduces accuracy

18
Q

selection bias

A

Non- random assignment to study group

  • Berkson bias: study only looking at inpatients
  • loss to follow-up: studying a disease with early mortality
  • healthy worker/volunteer bias

-to reduce = randomization

19
Q

Recall Bias

A

awareness of disorder alters recall; common in retrospective study

20
Q

Measurement bias

A

Information is gathered in a way that distorts it

  • Hawthorne effect: groups who know they’re being studied behave differently
  • to reduce= use of placebo control groups with blinding
21
Q

Procedure Bias

A

subjects in different groups are not treated the same

22
Q

Observer-expectancy bias

A

researchers belief in efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome

23
Q

Confounding bias

A

When a factor is related to both exposure and outcome, but not on a causal pathway
- to reduce: match patient with similar characteristics in both control and treatment group

24
Q

Lead time bias

A

Early detection is confused with increased survival; seen with improved screening techniques
-To reduce= adjust survival according to the severity of disease at time of diagnosis (“back-end survival)

25
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

hypothesis of no difference

26
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

Hypothesis of some difference

27
Q

Type I error

A

(alpha) ; rejecting the null hypothesis when actually there is no difference; false positive error
- p-value <0.05

28
Q

Type II error

A

(beta); failing to reject the null hypothesis when actually there is a difference; false negative error
Power = 1-beta
- to increase statistical power: 1. increase sample size (n), 2. increase precision of measurement, 3. increase expected effect size

29
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Pools dats and integrates results from several similar studies to reach overall conclusion

  • increases statistical power
  • limited by individual study quality or bias in study selection
30
Q

Confidence interval

A 
Range of values in which a specified probability of the means of repeated samples would be expected to fall 
CI: mean -Z(SEM) to mean +Z(SEM) 
- 95% CI corresponds to p=0.05; 
-Z=1.96 for 95% CI
-Z= 2.58 for 99% CI
31
Q

Confidence interval principles

A
  • if 95%CI for a mean difference between 2 variables includes 0, then there is no significant difference; null hypothesis is not rejected
  • if 95% CI for OR or RR includes 1, null hypothesis is not rejected
  • if the CIs between two groups do not overlap = significant difference
  • if the CIs between two groups overlap= no significant difference exisits
32
Q

t-test

A

compares differences between MEANs of TWO groups

33
Q

ANOVA

A

Compares MEANS of 3 or more groups

-Ex. comparing the mean blood pressure of 3 different ethnic groups

34
Q

Chi-Square (X^2)

A

Compares differences between 2 or more PERCENTAGES or PROPORTION of categorical outcomes
-Ex: comparing the percentage of members of 3 different ethnic groups who have essential hypertension

35
Q

Pearson correlation coefficient (r)

A

r is always between -1 and +1

  • the closer the absolute value of r is to 1, the stronger the linear correlation between the 2 variables
  • positive r value = positive correlation
  • negative r value= negative correlation
  • coefficient of determination =r^2 (value that is reported)
36
Q

APGAR

A

: assessment of newborn @ 1 min and 5 minutes; max of 10 points 2 points per category
Appearance: color
Pulse: >100bpm
Grimace: response to stimulation (mild pinch)
Activity: active motion/muscle tone
Respiration: infant cries well
- >or =7: good, 46 assist and stimulate, <4 resuscitate

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