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Behavioral Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Piaget Cognitive Stages:

development from stage to stage relies on maturation of the nervous system and life experiences

A

Sensorimotor (0-2 y) ->object permanence
Pre-operational Thought (2-5 y) -> immanent justice
Concrete Operations (5-11 y)
Formal Operations (11-18 y)

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2
Q

Freud’s Phases of Psychosexual Development:

The developmental stages progress as the child focuses of libidinal energy changes to different erotic areas

A 
Oral (0-1 y)
Anal (1-3 y)
Phallic (3-5 y)
Latency (5-11 y)
Genital (11-18 y)
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3
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:

The person is able to achieve a new and higher level of functioning if each stage is successfully resolved.

A 
BasicTrust vs Mistrust (0-1 y) 
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-3 y) 
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 y)
Industry vs Inferiority (5-11 y)
Ego Identity vs Role Diffusion (11-20 y)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (21-40 y)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-60 y)
Ego Identity vs. Despair (60 to death)
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4
Q

age when separation anxiety disorder may occur

A

after age 3 (failure of sensorimotor object permanence - Piaget)
Note: stranger anxiety begins around 7 months

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5
Q

age when begins to form internal moral sense of right and wrong
begins to understand the finality of death

A

age 6

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6
Q

infertility

A

inability of a couple to conceive after 1 year of coitus without use of a contraceptive

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7
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Alcohol reduces number of active dopamine neurons in the brain; ADHD is associated with decreased dopaminergic activity in the brain
other characteristics:
growth retardation, microphthalmia, short palpebral fissures, midface hypoplasia, delayed development, learning disabilities, intellectual deficits, seizures

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8
Q

Teratogens

A

antibiotics, anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenytoin), lithium, warfarin, progesterone-estrogens

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9
Q

exposure to SSRIs in last month of pregnancy causes

A

seizures

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10
Q

startle reflex present at birth and disappears by 4 months

A

Moro reflex

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11
Q

age when infant smiles in response to human face

A

2-3 months

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12
Q

age when infant rolls over

A

5 months

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13
Q

age when infant sits unassisted

A

6 months

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14
Q

age when infant crawls and pulls up to stand

A

7-11 months

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15
Q

age when infant walks unassisted

A

12-15 months

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16
Q

methods of abortion

A

suction curettage (1st trim)
dilation & extraction (2nd trim)
Induction of labor (2nd trim)
Mifepristone (up to 9 weeks)

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17
Q

symptoms of postpartum depression

A

depressed mood longer than 2 weeks
excessive anxiety
insomnia
change in weight

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18
Q

unconscious and the root of impulse, pleasure-based

drives libido

A

Id

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19
Q

the executive organ of the psyche

controls behaviors and thoughts

A

ego

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20
Q

regulates the ego and is unconscious

formed from the internalization of society standards, moral conscience

A

superego

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21
Q

BasicTrust vs Mistrust (0-1 y) stressor causes

A

dysthymia, schizophrenia, depression

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22
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-3 y) stressor causes

A

OCD, delusional or impulsive disorders

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23
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 y) stressor causes

A

showing off, psychosomatic disease, generalized anxiety disorders and phobias, sexual inhibition

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24
Q

Industry vs Inferiority (5-11 y) stressor causes

A

compensatory drive for money, power, prestige

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25
Q

Ego Identity vs Role Diffusion (11-20 y) stressor causes

A

conduct disorder, disruptive behavior disorder, gender identity disorder, schizophrenia & other psychotic disorders

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26
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation (21-40 y) stressor causes

A

schizoid personality disorder isolating person

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27
Q

Ego Identity vs. Despair (60 to death) stressor causes

A

psychosomatic illnesses, hypochondriasis, depression

*note suicide rate is highest in age 65+

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28
Q

Mahler: theory of separation-individuation

A 
Normal Autistic Phase (0-4 weeks)
Normal symbiotic phase (4w - 5 months)
Differentiation (5-10 months)
Practicing (10-16 months)
Rapprochement (16-24 months)
Consolidation & Object Constancy (24 - 36 months)
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29
Q

learning takes place as a result of the contiguity of the environmental events - association by two events happening closely in time

A

Classic conditioning

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30
Q

learning results from the consequences of one’s actions

A

Operant conditioning

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31
Q

deficits in cognitive abilities as well as in behaviors for social and personal sufficiency present before age 18

A

mental retardation

Evaluate with IQ test
IQ 50-70 mild -> can live independently
IQ 35-50 moderate ->semiskilled work as adult
IQ 20-35 severe-> supervised living as adult
IQ <20 profound

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32
Q

causes of mental retardation

A

chromosomal abnormalities, subclinical lead intoxication, prenatal exposure to drugs, alcohol or other toxins
Prenatal: maternal viral infections, uncontrolled DM,
CMV Inclusion disease (calcification, microcephaly, hydrocephalus), syphilis, herpes, AIDS, prematurity, anoxia/complications with pregnancy

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33
Q

pharm treatment for mental retardation

A

methylphenidate for ADHD comorbidity
lithium for aggression & self-injurious behavior
SSRIs for depression
haldol & chlorpromazine for repetitive self-stimulating behaviors
beta-blockers for explosive rages

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34
Q

symptoms in 3 categories:
-qualitative impairment in social interaction
-impairment in communication
-restrictive, repetitive & stereotyped patterns of behavior or interests
delayed development of language
obsessive desire for sameness & dread of change
poor eye contact
male> female
70% mentally retarded with 1/3 being mild-mod
Assoc with maternal bleeding, meconium in amniotic fluid, high incidence neonatal resp distress,
Increased head circumference

A

Autism disorder

Pharm tx:
escitalopram
methylphenidate for hyperactivity
risperidone for aggression, hyperactivity, self-injurious behavior

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35
Q

progressive encephalopathy at 6 months to 2 years
age of onset: 3-4 yr
predominantly in females
hand-wringing, licking & biting fingers, tapping & slapping
disorganized breathing during wake but normal during sleep
seizures in up to 75%
wheelchair bound after 10 years from muscle wasting
dx: loss of skills in 2 areas
-language, social or adaptive behavior
-bowel or bladder control
-play
-motor skills
Abnormalities in at least 2 of the following:
-reciprocal social interaction
-communication skills
stereotypes or restricted behavior

A

Rett’s disorder

Pharm tx:
treat the symptoms
anticonvulsants for seizures

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36
Q

Characterized by impairment & oddity of social interaction & restricted interest & behavior similar to autism disorder

  • no delays in language, cognitive development, or age-appropriate self-help skills
  • unknown cause
  • markedly abnormal nonverbal communicative gestures
  • failure to develop peer relationships
  • lack of social or emotional reciprocity
  • impaired ability to express pleasure in another person’s happiness
  • children & adolescents rely on rigid rules & routines
A

Asperger’s disorder

Tx: supportive and encourage social behaviors & peer relationships

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37
Q

age when gender identity manifests

A

18 months, fixed by 24-30 months

* note: largely innate

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38
Q

period characterized by decreased biological and physiological functioning

A

climacterium

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39
Q

biology of aging

A

senescence

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40
Q

severe memory loss and a loss of intellectual functioning

A

senility

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41
Q

discrimination toward old persons and to negative stereotypes about old age that are held by young adults

A

ageism

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42
Q

best indicator of a long life (longevity)

A

family history of longevity

43
Q

the ability or inability of an individual to make decisions, whether concerning medical, financial, or legal matters of the estate or person

A

capacity

44
Q

legal term that reflects the decision of a court or judge and is based on the findings of a professional

A

competency

45
Q

irretrievable cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions
irretrievable functions of the entire brain, including brainstem

A

death

46
Q

Stages of Death and Dying (5)

A
  1. Shock and Denial
  2. Anger
  3. Bargaining
  4. Depression
  5. Acceptance
47
Q

the clinical syndrome characterizing the acute psychological and physiological reaction of human beings to significant losses

A

grief

  • note: pathologic grief occurs when the person is unable to fully comprehend or work through the loss
  • narcotics interfere with normal grief process & grief therapy is effective
48
Q

complex intrapsychic process in which a person withdraws attachment from a lost object and works through the emotional pain and injury of that loss

A

mourning

49
Q

mental disorder characterized by grossly impaired reality testing

A

psychosis

50
Q

mental disorder that is chronic and characterized by anxiety, obsession, compulsion, phobia or sexual dysfunction

A

neurosis

51
Q

individual’s characteristic pattern of affect, emotional regulation, behavior, motivation, cognition about self, and interactions with others that are longstanding, present since adolescence or early adulthood

A

personality

52
Q

defense mechanism in which facts or logical implications of external reality are refused recognition in favor of internally generated wish-fulfilling fantasies

A

denial

53
Q

defense mechanism: repression of an individual’s unacceptable desires and impulses, instead attributing them to another person

A

projection

54
Q

defense mechanism: partial return to an earlier stage in development and to become more childlike in behavior to escape anxiety and return to an earlier level of adjustment in which gratification was ensured

A

regression

  • common in hospitalization
  • can be precipitated by fatigue, drugs, chronic pain, stress or any situation that deprives a person of autonomy
  • *Note: this is involuntary! Suppression is voluntary
55
Q

defense mechanism: persistent inability to give up infantile or childish patterns for more mature ones

A

fixation

56
Q

defense mechanism: the traits or attributes of another individual are taken on as the individual’s own

A

identification

57
Q

defense mechanism: seal off feelings or “affects” allowing the cognitive idea to remain but repressing the emotional component

A

isolation and intellectualization

58
Q

defense mechanism: redirecting emotion from its original object to a more acceptable substitute

A

displacement

59
Q

defense mechanism: negate an unacceptable thought

-believing that one can magically reverse past events caused by “incorrect” behavior by now adopting “correct” behavior

A

undoing

60
Q

defense mechanism: displacing various instincts or converting them into socially acceptable outlets
Ex: turning teenage rage into professional prize fighting

A

sublimation

61
Q

most common behavioral symptom of epilepsy

A

change in personality

62
Q

person has some conscious control over mimicking symptoms of a seizure

A

pseudoseizure

63
Q

part of the brain active during sexual stimulation

A

orbitofrontal cortex

64
Q

part of the brain with inhibitory or excitatory control over sexual reflexes

A

brainstem

65
Q

neurotransmitter that increases libido

A

dopamine

66
Q

neurotransmitter that inhibits sexual function

A

serotonin in upper midbrain and pons

67
Q

part of the nervous system responsible for sexual arousal and climax

A

spinal cord

68
Q

hormones which depress sexual desire (3)

A

progesterone, prolactin & cortisol

69
Q

Freud’s view on homosexuality

A
  • inhibition of masculine development by the parents
  • strong fixation on the mother
  • lack of effective fathering
  • female homosexuality is the result of penis envy
70
Q

sexual stimuli or acts that are deviations from normal sexual behaviors but are necessary for some persons to experience arousal and orgasm

A

paraphilias (perversions)

71
Q

observing persons who are naked or engaged in grooming or sexual activity

A

voyeurism (scopophilia)

72
Q

act of being humiliated, beaten, bound or made to suffer during sex

A

sexual masochism

73
Q

autoerotic asphyxiation classified as sexual masochism

A

hypoxyphilia

74
Q

involuntary muscle constriction of the outer third of the vagina, interfering with penile insertion
-can be psychological from hx of sexual trauma

A

vaginismus

75
Q

FICA: how to address religion of patient

A

Faith or Beliefs
Influence of Beliefs
Community
Address -> how do these beliefs need to be addressed in health care

76
Q

herbal remedy regulation

A

only need to prove safety and truth in labeling not efficacy to be sold
-not subject to FDA approval

77
Q

presence of significant physiological or psychological threat resulting in acute or persistent strain on the body’s compensatory systems

A

stress

78
Q

Bottom-up physiologic regulation of stress

A

the body’s compensatory mechanisms start at the cellular level and follow a level of complexity, with more complexity as move to higher levels (brain)
-Ex: baroreceptor response in orthostatic blood pooling

79
Q

factors that increase adherence to medical regimen

A
  • disease severity is high
  • personal susceptibility to disease is high
  • can manage the treatment regimen (self-efficacy)
  • confidence treatment will be effective (response-efficacy)
  • have the intention to perform the behavior (behavior intention)
  • note: self-judgment is the most influential element over adherence
80
Q

sustained diminished attention and higher levels of impulsivity in a child or adolescent than expected for someone of that age and developmental level

  • symptoms must be present before age 7 but isn’t typically diagnosed until creates problems at school
  • more prevalent in boys than girls
  • higher risk if first-degree relative has
  • explosive and emotionally labile
  • lack of organization
  • learning disabilities
  • associated with parental: hyperkinesia, sociopathy, alcohol use, conversion disorder
  • perinatal contributors: prenatal toxic exposures, prematurity, prenatal mechanical insult to fetal nervous system
  • September birth
  • 50% have symptoms that persist into adult life
A

ADHD

Pharm:
methylphenidate
dextroamphetamine
amphetamine
dextromethylphenidate
atomoxetine (NE reuptake inhibitor)
bupropion (DA, 5-HT and NE reuptake inhibitor)
clonidine (alpha2 receptor antagonist)
81
Q

Disruptive behavior disorder characterized by:

  • enduring patterns of negativistic, disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures, as well as inability to take responsibility for mistakes
  • argues with adults and becomes easily annoyed by others
  • difficulty in classroom and with peers
  • typically girls
  • symptoms observed at home before in public
  • friendless
  • do poorly in school or fail
  • low self-esteem, depressed mood, temper outbursts
  • often evolves into mood disorder or conduct disorder
  • may abuse alcohol and illegal substances
  • may be present with ADHD, mental retardation & cognitive disorders
A

Oppositional defiant disorder

tx: family intervention and child management skills

82
Q

Disruptive behavior disorder characterized by:

  • severe acts of repeated aggression that can cause physical harm to themselves or violate the rights of others
  • aggression toward animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, multiple violations of the rules
  • emerges in boys age 10-12; girls age 14-16
  • associated with ADHD, depression, learning disorders, harsh punitive parenting, family discord, lack of parental supervision, lack of social competence, low socioeconomic level
  • truancy from school before age 13
  • bullying, threatening and intimidation
  • children of parents who abuse alcohol or with antisocial personality disorder
  • hx of child abuse or witness parental abuse
A

Conduct disorder

Lab: low 5-HIAA (serotonin metabolite)
EEG: increased activity in right frontal lobe during rest
Pharm: haldol, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole
Psych: social skills training, family education and therapy, removal from home that is abusive/chaotic

83
Q

Defense mechanism: create imaginary lives, especially imaginary friends

A

Fantasy

*fear of intimacy

84
Q

Defense mechanism: denial; replacing something unpleasant with something pleasant
-often seen with inadvertent liars

A

Dissociation

85
Q

Defense mechanism:some people are “all good” and some are “all bad”

A

Splitting

86
Q

Defense mechanism: person turns his/her anger against himself/herself
-masochism

A

Passive aggression

87
Q

Defense mechanism: patients directly express unconscious wishes or conflicts through action to avoid being conscious of either the accompanying idea or the affect (tantrums, assaults, child abuse, pleasureless promiscuity)

A

Acting out

88
Q

Defense mechanism with 3 steps:

  1. aspect of oneself projected onto another
  2. projector tried to coerce the other person into identifying with what has been projected
  3. recipient of the projection and the projector feel a sense of oneness or union
A

Projection identification

  • appears in borderline personality disorder
89
Q

Fear vs anxiety

A

fear is a response to something known, and anxiety is a response to something that is unknown

90
Q

excessive fear of a specific object, circumstance or situation

A

phobia

91
Q

acute intense attack of anxiety accompanied by feelings of impending doom

A

panic disorder

tx: alprazolam
paroxetine
fluoxetine (long-term)

92
Q

fear or anxiety regarding places from which escape might be difficult

A

agoraphobia

93
Q

fear that self will fragment because others are not responding with needed affirmation and validation

A

disintegration anxiety

94
Q

perception that the self is being invaded and annihilated by and outside malevolent force

A

persecution anxiety

95
Q
  • coordinates adaptive behavior with physiological changes that happen during stress
  • inhibits food intake, sexual activity, endocrine programs for growth & reproduction
A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

96
Q

treatment for specific phobia

A 
beta blockers (propanolol)
behavior therapy
97
Q

treatment for social phobia

fear of being the focus of attention or behaving in a way that will be embarrassing or humiliating

A

SSRIs
alprazolam
clonazapam
atenolol & propanolol

98
Q

period of 6 months with prominent tension, worry, feelings of apprehension about everyday events and problems
-associated symptoms: muscle tension, irritability, difficulty sleeping, restlessness

A

generalized anxiety disorder

Tx: psychotherapy
Pharm; benzo, SSRIs, buspirone, venlafaxine, tricyclics, antihistamines, beta blockers

99
Q

less severe form of major depressive disorder

-2 years of depressed mood

A

dysthymia

100
Q
  • mood symptoms and clouding of consciousness
  • similar to schizophrenia but symptoms last at least 1 month but less than 6 months
  • in adolescents and young adults
A

schizophreniform

tx: hospitalization
risperidone

101
Q

features of both schizophrenia & mood disorders

more common in married women

A

schizoaffective disorder

tx: mood stabilizers

102
Q

motivated forgetting, the process by which memories, feelings, and drives associated with painful and unacceptable impulses are excluded from consciousness
-represents internal struggle

A

repression

103
Q

the ability to fit an experience with an existing cognitive structure
(Piaget)

A

assimilation

104
Q

the process of adapting the existing cognitive structure to new experiences
(Piaget)

A

accommodation

Brain & Behavior General (7 decks)

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