Behavior Science (Theories Of Psychological Development) Flashcards
What is the oral stage for freudian theory?
- Birth to 1/1/2 years
- Infants pleasure centers on mouth (feeding, thumb sucking and babbling)
- fixation: Smoking, biting finger nails, teeth grinding
What is the Anal stage for the Freudian theory?
- 1&1/2 to 3 years
- child’s pressure focuses on anus (bowl and bladder control)
- fixation: orderliness, messy, obsessiveness
What is the Phallic stage in freudian theory?
- 3 to 6 years
- child’s pleasure focuses on genitals, they become aware of sexuality
- Oedipus complex: boy to mom
- Electra complex: Girl to dad
- fixation: Vanity, pride, Sexually aggressive
What is the Latency stage in the freudian theory?
- 6 years to puberty
- Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
What is the genital stage in freudian theory?
- puberty onwards
- A time of sexual reawakening, source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family
What happens at birth - 2 years at Jean piaget’s cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor-experiencing the world through senses and action
- Object permanence (Remember objects-symbolic thought) and stranger anxiety
What happens at the age of 2-6 years in the Jean Piaget’s cognitive development?
- Pre-operational-representing things with words and mental images. Engaging in goal directed activities
- pretend play, Egocentrism (No view of others), language development
What happens at 7-11 years at in the Jean Piaget’s cognitive development?
- Concrete operational-thinking logically about concrete events and grasping concrete analogies
- reversibility, Seriation, mathematical transformation
What happens at 12 years onwards at in the Jean Piaget’s cognitive development?
- Formal operational-thinking about hypothetical scenarios, scientific reasoning and processing abstract thought
- Abstract logic, potential for mature moral resoning
What are the stages of pre conventional in Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
- stage 1 is avoiding punishment (infancy)
Punishment and obedience orientation. Physical consequences of action determine its goodness and badness - stage 2 is aiming at reward (preschool)
Interest shifts to rewards rather than punishments- effort is made to secure greater benefit for oneself
What are the stages of conventional in Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
- stage 3 is good boy & good girl attitude (school age)
Interpersonal accord. Effort is made to secure approval and maintain friendly relation with others - stage 4 is Loyalty to law and order (School-age)
Orientation towards fixed rules, the purpose of morality is maintaining the social order. Interpersonal accord is expanded to include the entire society
What are the post conventional stages of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
stage 5 is Justice and the spirit of law (teens)
- Social contract orientation-what is right is a function of individual rights and agreed upon standards
Stage 6 is Universal principals of ethics (adulthood)
- Morality is based on principals that transcends mutual benefit. What is right is determined decision of conscience according to self chosen ethical principals
What happens in the trust vs mistrust stage in Erik Erikson?
Infancy (first year)
Feeding
Developed through consistent love and support. Dependent on parents to survive
+ Grow up feeling secure
- Lead to fear and insecurity
What happens in Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Infancy (1-3 years)
Toilet training
Independence fostered by support and encouragement
+ Leads to feeling autonomy
- Become overly dependent
What happens in the Initiative vs Guilt in Erik Erikson theory?
Early childhood (3-5 years)
Exploration
Developed by exploring and accepting challenges
+ Leads to sense of purpose
- Afraid to try new things
What happens in Industry vs Inferiority in Erik Erikson theory?
Middle and late childhood
Age 6 until puberty school
Mastery comes from success and recognition
+ Develop competency and confidence
- Doubting own abilities
What happens in identity vs identity confusion in Erik Erikson’s theory
Adolescence (10-20 years)
Social Relationships
Exploration of different paths to attain a healthy identity
+ Fidelity & Commitment
- unsure if oneself and disappointed
What happens in intimacy vs isolation
Early adulthood (20-30 years)
Relationship
Form positive, close relationships with others
+ ability to be vulnerable and trust people
- fear of intimacy
What happens in generatively vs Stagnation in Erik Erikson’s theory?
Middle adulthood (40s-50s)
Work and parenthood
Transmitting something positive to the next generation
+ productive, creative, leaving legacy
- Self-centered, feeling useless
Integrity vs despair
Late adulthood (60 onwards)
Reflection on life
Life review and retrospective evaluation of one’s past
+ virtue of wisdom
- despair, unsure of oneself
What are the four types of John Bowlby attachment?
- Secure attachment
- Anxious-Ambivalent attachment
- Avoidant attachment
- Disorganized attachment
What is secure Attachment and the stages?
- Signifies a warm and loving bond between parent and child
- feels loved and cared for and develops the ability to form healthy relationships with those around them
- activates and demonstrate confidence in their attractions with others
Stages
- birth to 3 months
- the stage that baby is forming bonds but relationship with objects and humans are similar
What are the stages of anxious-ambivalent attachment and the stages?
- Emotionally dependent
- Seek approval from their caregivers
- observes surroundings for fear
- Distrust caregivers
- feel unloved and fin it difficult to express love and connection
Stages
- 6 weeks to 7 months
- the stage where babies display more observable social behavior. Preference for people over objects and prefer familiar adults, however do not show stranger or separation anxiety
What is the avoidant attachment and the stages?
- difficult to express/understand emotions
- continue to grow up feeling unloved
- avoid intimate relationships
- learned to accept that their emotional needs are likely unmet
Stages
- 7 months to 11 months
- the stage where majority of babies display stranger anxiety and separation anxiety from one particular adult
What is disorganized attachment and the stages?
- a combination of avoidant and anxious attachment
- Children usually display intense anger and rage
- have a tendency to avoid intimate relationships in adulthood
- hard time controlling their emotions
Stages
- 24 months +
- Shortly after the babies start to show attachment to one adult usually extend to multiple attachments with other adults who regularly spend time with
What is psychological development?
Field of psychology that focuses on development across the life span
What is the traditional approach?
Emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in late old age
What is the life-span approach?
Emphasizes developmental change during adulthood as well as childhood
What is the biological developmental process?
Involves chnages in the individual’s physical nature such as
- Height and weight gains
- the development of the brain
- changes in motor skills
What does cognitive mean in the developmental process?
Involve changes in the individual’s thought, intelligence, and language such as
- watching a mobile swing above a crib
- memorizing a poem
- imagining being a movie star
What is sociemotional in the developmental process?
Involve changes in the individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions/personality such as
- an infant smiling from her mother’s touch
- the affection of an elderly couple
- a girl’s joy at her senior prom
What is equilibration?
Assimilation and accommodation ( we adjust our ideas to make sense of reality)
What is assimilation?
Process of matching external reality to an existing cognitive structure/schemas
What is accommodation?
When there’s an inconsistency between the learner’s cognitive structure and the thing being learned the child will recognize her thought (adjust the known info to fit the new one)
