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Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855-1964 YR 1 > Beginnings of state-promoted industrial growth > Flashcards

Beginnings of state-promoted industrial growth Flashcards

1
Q

why was industrialisation in r largely driven by the state? (2)

A
  • absence of entrepreneurial middle class

- deliberate attempt to match economic development of Western Europe

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2
Q

in 1862-78, who produced series of reforms in order to boost economy and provide funds to drive industrial growth?

A

A II’s Minister of Finance, Mikhail von Reutern

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3
Q

who was Mikhail von Reutern?

A

German from Russian Baltic landowning class who was A II’s Minister of Finance from 1862-78

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4
Q

what did Mikhail von Reutern think should direct economic change? (2)

A
  • state control

- state money

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5
Q

what did Mikhail von Reutern encourage?

A
  • development of railways
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6
Q

when did Mikhail von Reutern become the Chairman of the Council of Ministers?

A

1881

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7
Q

what were Mikhail von Reutern’s reforms designed to do? (2)

A
  • boost economy

- provide funds to drive industrial growth

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8
Q

List Mikhail von Reutern’s reforms (11)

A

1) Treasury reformed
2) new arrangements for collecting taxes
3) auditing accounts of gov departments
4) publishing of budgets
5) tax-farming abolished
6) tax system reformed
7) banks and credit extended&established
8) gov subsidies offered
9) foreign investment encouraged
10) regulation of joint-stock companies
11) gov support offered for development of cotton and mining industries

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9
Q

what is the term to describe the funds or revenue of a state, institution, or society?

A

Treasury

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10
Q

what were there new arrangements for?

A

collecting taxes

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11
Q

what was audited?

A

gov departments’ accounts

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12
Q

what was being published?

A

budgets

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13
Q

what was abolished?

A

tax-farming

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14
Q

what is tax-farming?

A

whereby groups bought the right to collect certain taxes

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15
Q

was it the term given to whereby groups buy the right to collect certain taxes?

A

tax-farming

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16
Q

how was the tax system reformed?

A

to include more indirect taxation

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17
Q

what is indirect taxation?

A

a tax levied on goods and services rather than on income or profits.

18
Q

what was extended?

A

banks and credit facilities

19
Q

what bank was established in 1860?

A

state bank

20
Q

what bank was established in 1862?

A

municipal bank

21
Q

what bank was established in 1869?

A

savings bank

22
Q

when was the state bank established?

A

1860

23
Q

when was the municipal bank established?

A

1862

24
Q

when was the savings bank established?

A

1869

25
Q

what was promoted?

A

trade - with the reduction of import duties from 1863

26
Q

what did the gov offer to enable private entrepreneurs to develop railways?

A

gov subsidies

27
Q

why did gov offer subsidies?

A

to enable private entrepreneurs to develop railways

28
Q

what type of investment was encouraged in Russia?

A

foreign

29
Q

what was guaranteed with foreign investment in R?

A

annual dividend

30
Q

define joint-stock company

A

business owned by shareholders who invested their own capital in the enterprise

31
Q

what is a business owned by shareholders who invested their own capital in the enterprise?

A

joint-stock company

32
Q

what was new legislation was introduced for in order to encourage ‘safe’ investment?

A

regulating joint-stock companies

33
Q

what was the aim of new legislation regulating joint-stock companies?

A

encourage ‘safe’ investment

34
Q

what was gov support offered to develop? (2)

A
  • cotton industry

- mining in Donets Coalfield

35
Q

what did Von Reutern’s reforms force former tax farmers to do?

A

look elsewhere to invest

36
Q

what did the use of foreign technical expertise and capital support?

A

industrial expansion

37
Q

what network expanded under Reutern too?

A

railway

38
Q

during von Reutern’s term of office, what was the annual average growth rate? (%)

A

6%

39
Q

the annual growth rate was 6% under who?

A

von Reutern

40
Q

what was the dominant industry in the late 19th century?

A

textiles

Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855-1964 YR 1 (8 decks)

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