Basis of Immune Response Flashcards
What is haematopoiesis and What is the function of the thymus & spleen, liver & bone marrow (3)
- Haematopoiesis - creating and replenishing blood and bone marrow cells.
- The thymus & spleen - create specific types of immune cells.
- The liver & bone marrow - cell production.
How are macrophages and mast cells created (4)
- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell → common myeloid progenitor in bone marrow.
- Common myeloid progenitor splits into granulocyte & macrophage progenitor in bone marrow.
- they are then taken into the blood where they are made into neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, unknown precursors of mast cells and monocytes.
- Precursors of mast cells and monocytes are then taken into tissues, where they become mast cells and macrophages.
How are Erythrocytes (red blood cells) created (4)
- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell → common myeloid progenitor in bone marrow.
- Common myeloid progenitor splits into two, megakaryocyte & erythrocyte progenitor in bone marrow.
- The megakaryocyte & erythrocyte progenitors become megakaryocytes and erythrocytes in the bone marrow
- they go into the blood and become platelets and erythrocytes (red blood cells).
What are monocytes/macrophages, and what is their function (3)
- Antigen presenting mononuclear phagocyte
- phagocytosis
- activation of bacterial mechanisms.
What are Cytokines, and what is their function (2)
- phagocyte
- mediate further inflammatory response.
What are dendritic cells, and what is their function (4)
- phagocyte
- antigen uptake in peripheral sites
- antigen presentation in lymph nodes
- express major histocompatibility complex ii.
What are neutrophils, and what is their function (2)
- polymorphonuclear granulocytes - phagocyte
- 1st to arrive at inflammation site and phagocytose bacteria.
What are Eosinophils, and what is their function (3)
- polymorphonuclear granulocytes - phagocyte
- granules stain with basic eosin red.
- Removal of parasitic organisms
What are Basophils, and what is their function (4)
- polymorphonuclear granulocytes - not phagocytic
- Granules stain with acid dye methylene blue
- contain heparin and histamine.
- Role in allergic response
What is the function of mast cells (2)
- release histamine and other pharmacologically active substances from their granules.
- Play a major role in the development of allergic disease.
What are Natural Killer cells, and what is their function (3)
- do not express T or B cell receptors.
- Recognise and destroy virus-infected cells and certain tumour cells.
- Detection via lack of MHC I and Fc receptors.
What are Gamma-Delta cells
Intraepithelial cells a part of the innate and adaptive system which lacks diversity.
What are Natural Killer T cells functions (2)
- Share NK and T cell characteristics with ab antigen receptors but lack diversity.
- Suppress or activate innate and adaptive responses.
What are B lymphocytes, and what is their function
- Produce antibodies of unique specificity.
- B cell receptor binding of antigen results in B cell differentiation into plasma cells.
What are Plasma cells, and what is their function
When activated secretes antibodies.
What are T helper cells, and what is their function (2)
- express cytokines to coordinate the immune response.
- express T cell receptor and CD4 co-receptor.
What are cytotoxic T lymphocytes and what is their function (2)
- Express T cell receptor and CD8 co-receptor
- destroy infected cells directly.
What are follicular dendritic cells
are found in lymph follicles and contain B cells, not APC.
what do monocytes/macrophages contain (4)
- LPS receptor - recognises gram ve- bacteria
- TLR-4 receptors
- Glucan receptors - recognise fungal infection
- Scavenger receptor - recognises protein
What is made as a product of pluripotent stem cells differentiating into common lymphoid progenitors (4)
Plasma cells
T cells
NK cells
Dendritic cells
What is made as a product of pluripotent stem cells differentiating into common myeloid progenitors (3)
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Macrophages
Mast cells
How are plasma cells created (4)
- pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell > common lymphoid progenitor in bone marrow
- B cell in blood
- B cell checked in bone marrow
- activated by effector cells in lymph node
How are T cells created (4)
- pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell > common lymphoid progenitor in bone marrow
- T cell in blood
- Checked in thymus
- activated by effector cells in the lymph node
How are NK cells created (3)
- pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell > common lymphoid progenitor in bone marrow
- NK cell in blood
- Activated by effector cells in lymph node
How are dendritic cells created (3)
- pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell > common lymphoid progenitor in bone marrow
- immature dendritic cell in blood
- matures in tissue, then travels to lymph node
What are examples of phagocytes (7)
Monocytes
Macrophages
Cytokines
Chemokines
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
What are examples of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (3)
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
What are the antigen-presenting immune cells (3)
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
Which phagocyte does not participate in phagocytosis
basophils
What are the main producers of cytokines and chemokines (3)
macrophages
keratinocytes
dendritic cells
