Basics of Urogenital Tract

Question 1

indications for castration

Answer 1

1) Reduce masculine behavior in animals unsuitable for the genetic pool
2) Birth control
3) Testicular neoplasia
4) Inguinal hernias
5) Testicular trauma

Question 2

What is important to administer or check before doing a castration

Answer 2

tetanus status and if in doubt vx8

Question 3

who not to do standing castrations in

Answer 3

ponies, mules, donkeys, bad temperament (do they jump when touched?)

Question 4

good drugs for standing castration?

Answer 4

detomidine (more sedate and planted) > xylasine

also give torb for analgesia

Question 5

good drugs for recumbent castration?

Answer 5

xylazine, ketamine and diazepam

Question 6

In recumbency castration, whats a good tip to remember for order of nuts?

Answer 6

bottom nut first and

nut to nut

Question 7

techniques used for castration

Answer 7

open, closed, half-closed, and then a few variations (some will close the outer incisions, make a rectangle and remove the

Question 8

what are the benefits and downfalls of open castration?

Answer 8

pro - easy, get through both and to the nut and go.

con - a little more bleeding

Question 9

What is a benefits of closed castration?

Answer 9

very little bleeding

Question 10

Whats his rule for time on the nut with the emasculator?

Answer 10

1 min per year of age plus one to a max of 5

Question 11

when to check for hemorrhage after cutting the testes out?

Answer 11

15-20 after cutting and then at the end before the horse is up again

Question 12

what is a benefit and risk of open castration

Answer 12

less dissecting to better for standing

causing hydrocele

Question 13

aftercare for a castration

Answer 13

1) Restricted activity for 24 hours
2) Daily exercise to decrease edema formation and assist in drainage
3) Daily hydrotherapy can aid in controlling the swelling and maintenance of drainage.
4) The incisions should heal in 3 wks
5) Isolate the horse from mares for at least 2 days and preferably 1 wk, ejaculates are highly unlikely to contain sufficient spermatozoa to cause impregnation after 2 days.

Question 14

Complications of castration

Answer 14

hemorrhage - pack?, quiet?, find the bleeder
evisceration - w/i 4 hours of surgery
edema - mostly day 3 and 4
septic funiculitis - usually not enough drainage -
clostridial infection
septic peritonitis
penile drainage
hydrocoele - from open –> get rid of the rest of the parietal tunic, draining won’t
continued masculine behaviour - 20-30%

Question 15

Dx of inguinal crypt

Answer 15

inguinal palpation and rectal palpation
US
exploratory
hormonal assays - basal test., hCG stim, or estrone stim

Question 16

Cryptorchids are usually located in what part of the body (L or R)?

Answer 16

right - inguinal

left - abdomen

Question 17

hCG stim test doesn’t work when

Question 18

Estrone sulfate test doesn’t work when

Question 19

what approaches can you take for cryptorchids?

Answer 19

inguinal (purse-string the prepuce for this one)
para-inguinal -
Flank approach - hard to exteriorize
suprapubic paramedian approach - large vessels and a lot of closure
laparoscopic approaches -

Question 20

Will hormone induced descent work?

Answer 20

no, except maybe inguinals

Question 21

risk factors for urolithiasis

Answer 21

NSAIDs,

Question 22

equine calculi composition

Answer 22

calcium carbonate

Question 23

What is the reason for post-exercise hematureia

Answer 23

the stones bounce around in the bladder

Question 24

clinical signs of cystolithiasis

Answer 24

pollakiuria, stranguria, urine incontinence, dysuria

Question 25

Dx of cystolithiasis

Answer 25

rectal palpation
US
endoscopy

Question 26

what is sabulous urolithiasis?

Answer 26

accumulation of a large amount of crystalooid sediment caused by incomplete bladder emptying or neurological disorders

Question 27

CLinical signs of sabulous urolithiasis

Answer 27

urinary incontinence and ataxia of hind limbs