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DPT 608 > Basics Of Neuoanatomy And Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Basics Of Neuoanatomy And Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

T/f: nervous and muscular tissue membranes are excitable

A

True

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2
Q

T/f: membranes are irritable and sensitive to electrochemical change

A

True

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3
Q

T/f: excitable can be communicated bw the tissues of the body

A

True

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4
Q

How are nerve and muscle cells able to produce movt?

A

By transmitting electrochemical info

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5
Q

What are excitatory action potentials?

A

Input that depolarizes a neuron, making it more likely to reach an action potential

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6
Q

What are inhibitory action potentials?

A

Input that increases negative resting potential, hyperpolarization, making it less likely to reach an action potential

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7
Q

What is the threshold for action potentials?

A

The voltage level that must be reached before rapid depolarization relate to axon size

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8
Q

Do larger or smaller axons have a lower threshold for action potentials?

A

Larger axons have the lowest threshold that are more easily stimulated

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9
Q

Some TM can stimulate _____ production for effecting the cellular process of muscle contraction

A

ATP

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10
Q

Order these muscle fibers from largest to smallest: Beta, alpha, C, delta, gamma

A

Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, C

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11
Q

What nerve fibers carry sensory info?

A

A beta 1a and 1b

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12
Q

What nerve fibers carry motor info?

A

A alpha and A gamma

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13
Q

What nerve fibers carry pain and temp?

A

A delta and C fibers

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14
Q

What NT is stored at the presynaptic ending of the myoneural junction?

A

Ach

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15
Q

What does Ach do in the muscle fibers?

A

Its release is stimulated by the arrival of a nerve impulse and interacts with receptors in the muscle fiber membrane, increases its permeability of the membrane to ions and the cell depolarizes

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16
Q

What are somatic receptors?

A

Body receptors that give the NS info about temp, touch, pain, tension, and position

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17
Q

What causes a muscle contraction?

A

Change in electrical potential in the immediate vicinity of actin and myosin filaments that triggers the process of sarcomere shortening

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18
Q

What are energy transducers on somatic receptors?

A

End organs of receptors that convert mechanical or thermal energy into electrical energy

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19
Q

What is a generator potential?

A

The conversion of mechanical or thermal energy into electrical energy

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20
Q

A stimulus sufficient in ____, _____, or _____ will cause an action potential to be generated and transmitted by afferent nerve to the CNS

A

, timing, intensity

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21
Q

What are cutaneous (skin) receptors?

A

Receptors on the skin that responds to touch, pressure, or stretch of the skin

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22
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Receptors that are innervated by A delta and c fibers that respond to noxious stim and temp changes (pain receptors)

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23
Q

What is the receptor field?

A

The area of skin in which it is possible to activate a sensory nerve fiber

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24
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Joint, tendon, and muscle receptors that detect changes in tension and position of structures, muscle length, and rate of change of muscle length

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25
Q

What are the two types of proprioceptors?

A

GTOs and muscle spindles

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26
Q

What are joint receptors?

A

Receptors found in the joint capsules and ligaments that emit several action potentials per second at rest and provides position sense

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27
Q

How are joint receptors stimulated?

A

By deforming forces during movt providing the CNS with info on the joint position and rate of joint movement

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28
Q

Where does the SC run through?

A

From the BS to L2

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29
Q

What does the SC do?

A

Communication and coordination of motor info and movt patterns

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30
Q

Where is gray matter located?

A

In the central area, motor neuron cell bodies, and synapses in a butterfly shape

The unmyelinated portion

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31
Q

What is white matter?

A

Axons to and from the CNS

Cell bodies of sensory neurons that lie in the DRG outside the SC

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32
Q

What does the post/dorsal horn contain?

A

Synapses of sensory afferents

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33
Q

What does the ant/ventral horn contain?

A

Cell bodies of LMNs

Efferents to the muscle

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34
Q

What are the two main sensory ascending tracts (afferent tracts)?

A

Posterior/dorsal white column

Anterior spinothalamic tract

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35
Q

Where do the posterior/dorsal white column fibers run?

A

They enter the SC in the dorsal horn, ascend the SC and cross to the other side of the brain in the medulla to carry sensation from one side of the body to the other side of the brain to get processed

36
Q

What info does the posterior/dorsal white column carry?

A

Proprioception
Vibration
2 point discrimination
Deep touch

37
Q

Where does the anterior spinothalamic tract run?

A

Enters the dorsal horn, synapses and crosses to the other side of the SC within 3 segments and the info is first relayed to the thalamus

38
Q

What info does the anterior spinothalamic tract carry?

A

Pain and temp

39
Q

What are the descending motor tracts (efferent tracts)?

A

Corticospinal (paramidal) tract

Rubrospinal tract

Reticulospinal tract

Tectospinal tract

Vestibulospinal tract

40
Q

What is the main motor descending tract?

A

Corticospinal (paramidal) tract

41
Q

Where does the Corticospinal tract run?

A

Originates in the frontal lobe, crosses to the opposite side in the BS, continues through the interconnections and synapses onto an anterior horn cell in the SC

42
Q

What is the anterior horn cell?

A

Alpha motor neuron

A large neuron located in gray matter of the SC that sends axons out of the ventral root and gives rise to peripheral nerves

43
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

An alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

44
Q

What info does the Corticospinal (paramidal) tract carry?

A

Motor info

45
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract run?

A

The red nucleus of the midbrain to LMNs going to the UEs

46
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract do?

A

Facilitates flexors, inhibits extensors

47
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract run?

A

Reticular formation throughout the BS

48
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

A

Facilitates limb extensors, another part facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors

49
Q

What does the tectospinal tract do?

A

Provides orientation of the head toward sound or moving object

50
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract do?

A

Assists in postural adjustments to keep the head balanced on the trunk

51
Q

What efferent tract has a close anatomical relationship to the mechanisms of the inner ear?

A

The vestibulospinal tract

52
Q

What are the structures of the BS?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

53
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

The relay area for tracts passing through the cerebrum, cerebellum, and SC

Reflex center for visual, auditory, and tactile responses

54
Q

What structure of the BS contains axons that travel bw the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS?

A

The pons

55
Q

What is the medulla?

A

An extension of the SC that contains sensory and motor nuclei for the neck, mouth, and control centers for respiration and HR

Reflex centers for vomiting, sneezing, and swallowing

56
Q

What are the structures of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

57
Q

What structure of the diencephalon is the central relay station for all sensory information coming from the body to the cerebrum?

A

The thalamus

58
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

The relay area for motor info from the cerebellum and basal ganglia

59
Q

Projections from the thalamus and sensory cortical areas to the temporal lobes are responsible for what?

A

Pain memory

60
Q

T/f: the projections of the hypothalamus trigger an autonomic response to pain

A

True

61
Q

What structure of the diencephalon regulates homeostasis?

A

The hypothalamus

62
Q

What functions of homeostasis does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

Body temp, BP, hunger, sleep-awake cycles

63
Q

What are the nuclei of the BG?

A

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantial migratory, and sub thalamus nuclei

64
Q

The BG plays a vital role in what functions?

A

Regulation of posture and muscle tone

65
Q

Does the BG have direct input from the SC?

A

Nope, but it does have direct input from the cortex

66
Q

T/f: the BG plays an important role in control of autonomic and voluntary movt, exerting effects in motor planning areas of the motor cortex

A

True

67
Q

What structure of the brain is the coordinator of motor activities?

A

The cerebellum

68
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Programming rapid movt, correcting the course of rapid movt, and correlating posture and movement

69
Q

What brain structure regulates balance and coordination?

A

The cerebellum

70
Q

T/f: the cerebellum regulates and adjusts the accuracy, intensity, and timing required by specific movt tasks

A

True

71
Q

What brain structure constantly monitor and compares movt requested to the actual movt?

A

The cerebellum

72
Q

Where is the motor cortex located?

A

In the frontal lobe

73
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Voluntary control of complex motor activities, cognitive fxn, judgement, attention, mood, abstract thinking, aggressions

74
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

Contralateral voluntary control of the UE and facial movts

75
Q

What is the premotor cortex responsible for?

A

Controlling muscles of the trunk and muscles used in anticipatory postural adjustments

76
Q

What is the supplementary motor cortex responsible for?

A

Controlling the initiation of movt, orientation of head and eyes, and bilateral movt

77
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex?

A

In the parietal lobe

78
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex?

A

In the parietal lobe

79
Q

Where is incoming sensory info processed and given meaning?

A

In the primary sensory cortex of the parietal lobe

80
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located?

A

In the parietal lobe

81
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex?

A

The major processing center for all somatosensory modalities

82
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

In the temporal lobe

83
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe do?

A

Auditory discrimination for speech comprehension

84
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

In the occipital lobe

85
Q

What is the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Processing and interpretation of visual info, judging distances, and seeing in 3D

86
Q

Visual info from the R half of the visual world is received by what hemisphere?

A

The L hemisphere

87
Q

Visual info from the L half of the visual world is received by what hemisphere?

A

The R hemisphere

DPT 608 (2 decks)

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