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NUTR 4210 > Basics 3 > Flashcards

Basics 3 Flashcards

1
Q

how does the body meet the challenge of increased energy demand during exercise

A

hormones
- fuel mobilization
- delivery
-fuel utilization
- maintenance

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2
Q

where does fuel (substrate) mobilization occur

A

liver, muscle, adipose

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3
Q

what hormones are associated with fuel mobilization

A
  • norepi
    -epi
    -glucagon
    -insulin
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4
Q

what are the two main catecholamine forms and how are they released

A

Norepi = released from sympathetic nervous system

epi = adrenal medulla: released stimulated by NE

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5
Q

what happens to the catecholamines during exercise

A

= exponential increase in circulating levels
= norepinephrine circulates at much higher levels

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6
Q

what effect does exercise have on catecholamine response and why?

A

it blunts the response as a trained individual because more accustomed to the physical stress

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7
Q

what do catecholamines do at the level of the liver

A

increase HGP
- increase glycogenolysis (first)
- increase gluconeogenesis (need to wait for available non-glucose sources)

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8
Q

In a mice study why is liver sensitivity to epi/norepi reduced by training

A
  • liver are less responsive to EP in trained mice as it is trying to preserve the limited stores in the liver
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9
Q

What occurs at the level of adipose tissue in response to catecholamines

A

Lipolysis occurs which is the breakdown of TG to FA and glycerol

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10
Q

what are the three lipase

A

adipose TG lipase
hormone sensitive lipase
monoglyceride lipase

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11
Q

what effect does exercise have on lipolysis

A

increase (even in walking)

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12
Q

what fates do fatty acids have after lipolysis

A
  • oxidized within adipose tissue (<1%)
  • released to circulation (60%)
  • re-esterified within adipose tissue (40%)
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13
Q

what does the increase in lipolysis do

A

activates hormone sensitive lipase in the adipose; FA is released
- mainly due to epi (B2 receptors)

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14
Q

T or F responsiveness is greater in trained individuals for catecholamines at the level of the adipose tissue

A

true

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15
Q

what increases due to catecholamines at the level of the skeletal muscle

A

increased muscle glycogenolysis
- activates glycogen phosphorylase (breakdown of glycogen)

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16
Q

T or F the muscle can share its glucose stores (released into circulation)

A

false it is selfish and can only be used by the muscle it was held in

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17
Q

where is glucagon released from and what does it counter act

A

alpha cells in the pancreas
counter-hormone to insulin

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18
Q

what does glucagon do during exercise

A

increases as it responds to SNS activation

19
Q

what does glucagon stimulate

A

Hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
- some stimulation of adipose lipolysis

20
Q

what happens to insulin during exercise

A

it decreases early as epi and catecholamines reduce insulin secreetion

21
Q

does insulin decrease less or more frequently in trained individuals

A

more rapidly

22
Q

what does insulin inhibit

A
  • HGP
  • lipolysis
23
Q

what 3 hormones play a role in substrate delivery

A

NE
EPI
insulin

24
Q

equation for delivery of substrate =

A

concentration x blood flow

25
Q

cardiac out put (Q) =

A

HR x SV

26
Q

what is the main regulator of Q during exercise

A

neural input (central drive + joint feedback)

27
Q

what can catecholamines still do in regulation of Q

A

increase HR
increase force of myocardial contraction (SV)
cause vasoconstriction at non working muscles to divert blood

28
Q

main hormone for substrate uptake

A

insulin

29
Q

what does insulin stimulate in relation to substrate uptake

A

GLUT4 and FA transporter movement to the plasma membrane

30
Q

what other effects does insulin have on substrate uptake

A

activates pyruvate dehydrogenase to increase glucose oxidation
acts as a vasodilator to increase blood supply

31
Q

where are most of insulins beneficial effects occurring

A

at the muscle where local factors are likely more important (regulating metabolism and opening capillary beds)

32
Q

difference in metabolism and blood flow in relation to insulin

A

M = decrease ATP, increase ADP and Pi; increase Ca2+
BF = increase in H+, K+, CO2 and nitric oxide

33
Q

_____ blood flow to the ______ muscle ________ insulin delivery to muscle and thus compensates for the _______ plasma insulin concentration

A

increased, contracting, increases, decrease

34
Q

what does the study show on acute exercise activation of muscle glucose uptake between obese and lean rats

A

in obese, insulin fails to stimulate plasma membrane GLUT4 accumulation
- however, the ability for exercise to drive GLUT4 accumulation is identical for lean and obese rats
- showing separate pathways (contracting muscles are able to up take glucose disregarding impaired glucose)

35
Q

what are the two hormones responsible for maintenance of Temp + fluid balance

A

catecholamines and renin axis

36
Q

does plasma vol increase or decrease during exercise

A

decrease (we sweat)

37
Q

what do catecholamines do in regard to maintenance

A

stimulate sweat production and renin production (maintains plasma volume and blood pressure)
also reduces blood flow to skin (redirect) impairing heat dissipation

38
Q

what does renin, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone all do to help maintain temp and fluid balance

A

all increase during exercise
act to conserve sodium and water to maintain or blunt decrease in plasma volume
allowing us to maintain BP

39
Q

what factors influence vessel dilation and constriction

A

SNS and local metabolites

40
Q

how does SNS influence Blood flow

A

constricts in most vascular beds (adrenergic)

41
Q

how do local metabolites change blood flow

A

dilating vessels of working muscles
- increase in H+, lactate, potassium, CO2, etc. all indicate metabolic stress to the muscle

42
Q

mean arterial pressure =

A

TPR x Q

43
Q

why doesn’t MAP increase more during exercise

A

large decreases in TPR due to dilation of working muscles (prevents dangerous increases in BP)

NUTR 4210 (5 decks)

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