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NUTR 4210 > Basics 1 > Flashcards

Basics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the Pros of swimming when we study exercise models using animals?

A
  • Strenuous form of exercise
  • See robust adaptations to tissues
  • Relatively inexpensive
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2
Q

what are the Cons of swimming when we study exercise models using animals?

A
  • Can be extremely stressful
  • May not mimic exercise in humans
  • Animals differ in buoyancy
  • Hard to quantify amount of exercise completed
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3
Q

what are the Pros of Treadmill when we study exercise models using animals?

A
  • Mimic human exercise studies
  • Can control intensity and duration
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4
Q

what are the Cons of Treadmill when we study exercise models using animals?

A
  • Some animals aren’t good at running
  • Can still be stressful, but not as much as swimming
  • Cost >$10Ktreadmill
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5
Q

what are the Pros of voluntary wheel running when we study exercise models using animals?

A

inexpensive
non stressful
easy to perform

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6
Q

what are the cons of voluntary wheel running when we study exercise models using animals?

A
  • Relevance to humans might be a bit limited as mice can run for >8hrs/night
  • Difficulty in controlling for exercise volume (but easy to quantify); can employ a wheel lock
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7
Q

what are the pros of In situ rat hindlimb perfusion when we study exercise models using animals?

A

Very tight control over perfusate composition; can stimulate sciatic nerve for contractions

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8
Q

what are the cons of In situ rat hindlimb perfusion when we study exercise models using animals?

A

Less physiological due to non-physiological stimulation conditions

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9
Q

what are the pros of ex vivo isolated muscle incubation when we study exercise models using animals?

A

Very tight control over incubation medium composition; can also stimulate to contract

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10
Q

what are the cons of ex vivo isolated muscle incubation when we study exercise models using animals?

A

“even less physiological; disrupted blood and neural supply; limited by diffusion; only some muscles suitable

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11
Q

what is energy

A

capacity to do work

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12
Q

what is a positive energy balance

A

energy in is greater than energy out
- weight gain / obesity

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13
Q

what is a negative energy balance

A

energy out is greater than energy in
- weight loss

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14
Q

what is considered energy in

A

nutrition

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15
Q

what is considered energy out

A
  • metabolic and cellular function
  • Basal metabolism
  • Thermic effect of food
  • Physical activity
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16
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed (only transfered)

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17
Q

energy stored =

A

energy stored = energy intake - energy expended

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18
Q

excess energy preferentially stored as _______ in __________

A

TAGs in ADIPOCYTES

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19
Q

is there more kcal stored in the liver and muscle or adipocytes

A

adipocytes

20
Q

how are kcal stored in the adipocytes

A

as TAGs

21
Q

how are kcal stored in the liver and muscles

A

glycogen

22
Q

what comprises total daily energy expenditure? (TDEE)

A
  1. resting energy expenditure (REE)
  2. thermic effect of food (TEF)
  3. physical activity
23
Q

what percent does REE contribute to total daily energy expenditure

A

60-75% of TDEE

24
Q

what percent does TEF contribute to TDEE

A

5-10%

25
Q

what percent does Physical activity contribute to TDEE

A

15-30% of TDEE

26
Q

what does REE comprise

A
  • energy needed to keep the body alive at complete rest while awake
  • basal metabolic rate (BMR) strict/controlled measurement conditions
  • resting metabolic rate (RMR) (~10% greater than BMR)
27
Q

what does TEF comprise of

A

stimulated by protein, caffeine
may be reduced in obesity

28
Q

what is total energy expenditure related to and when does it decrease

A

muscle mass and decreases after age 60

29
Q

increase in lean mass = ___ energy expenditure

A

increase

30
Q

when energy expenditure is adjusted for fat-free mass there is…

A

only a decrease slightly after age 60 for both males and females

31
Q

TEE ______ with amount of fat free mass (i.e. muscle)

A

Increases

32
Q

TEE is _____ in ______ due to greater muscle mass

A

higher in males

33
Q

TEE and ______ are fairly stable until age ~60

A

fat free mass

34
Q

fat mass ______ up to age ______

A

increases up to age 60

35
Q

describe an individual who would have a higher TEE

A

a male individual who had lots of fat free mass = highly active with lots of muscle who is below the age of 60

36
Q

weight loss in large amounts results in

A

the stunt of metabolic rate which predisposes an individual to regain weigh. however lean weight will remain consistent

37
Q

tissues mainly responsible for metabolic rate

A

muscle, liver, kidney, heart

38
Q

how do you measure total energy expenditure

A

Direct Calorimetry

39
Q

what does direct calorimetry measure

A

all metabolic processes in the body generate heat so the heat production can be used as a measurement for EE in a sealed chamber

40
Q

why is making ATP inefficient

A

coupling of these reactions is NOT efficient. approximately 60% of the energy released by the oxidation of a substrate is lost as heat - so only 40% is used for biological work

41
Q

what are the disadvantages of direct calorimetry

A
  • expensive
  • need O2 source, CO2 absorbed
  • cant apply to field settings
  • so isn’t practical
42
Q

what is indirect calorimetry

A

estimating energy expenditure by measuring oxygen consumption (VO2)

43
Q

why does indirect calorimetry work

A

as the body’s energy expenditure increases, the use of oxygen increases proportionately (to a threshold)

44
Q

what is open-circuit spirometry

A

breathe ambient room air
- metabolic cart
- flow meter to measure volume of air
- analyzers for measuring the percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air (insp/exp)
- computer for calculations

45
Q

disadvantages of indirect calorimetry with exercise

A
  • hyperventilation
    -airtight
    -mask comfort
46
Q

advantages of indirect calorimetry with exercise

A
  • portable versions to determine EE in a wide variety of activities
  • can also determine the substrates being oxidized using respiratory exchange ratio

NUTR 4210 (5 decks)

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