Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NUTR 4210 > Basics 1 > Flashcards

Basics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the Pros of swimming when we study exercise models using animals?

A
  • Strenuous form of exercise
  • See robust adaptations to tissues
  • Relatively inexpensive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the Cons of swimming when we study exercise models using animals?

A
  • Can be extremely stressful
  • May not mimic exercise in humans
  • Animals differ in buoyancy
  • Hard to quantify amount of exercise completed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the Pros of Treadmill when we study exercise models using animals?

A
  • Mimic human exercise studies
  • Can control intensity and duration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the Cons of Treadmill when we study exercise models using animals?

A
  • Some animals aren’t good at running
  • Can still be stressful, but not as much as swimming
  • Cost >$10Ktreadmill
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the Pros of voluntary wheel running when we study exercise models using animals?

A

inexpensive
non stressful
easy to perform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the cons of voluntary wheel running when we study exercise models using animals?

A
  • Relevance to humans might be a bit limited as mice can run for >8hrs/night
  • Difficulty in controlling for exercise volume (but easy to quantify); can employ a wheel lock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the pros of In situ rat hindlimb perfusion when we study exercise models using animals?

A

Very tight control over perfusate composition; can stimulate sciatic nerve for contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the cons of In situ rat hindlimb perfusion when we study exercise models using animals?

A

Less physiological due to non-physiological stimulation conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the pros of ex vivo isolated muscle incubation when we study exercise models using animals?

A

Very tight control over incubation medium composition; can also stimulate to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the cons of ex vivo isolated muscle incubation when we study exercise models using animals?

A

“even less physiological; disrupted blood and neural supply; limited by diffusion; only some muscles suitable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is energy

A

capacity to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a positive energy balance

A

energy in is greater than energy out
- weight gain / obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a negative energy balance

A

energy out is greater than energy in
- weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is considered energy in

A

nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is considered energy out

A
  • metabolic and cellular function
  • Basal metabolism
  • Thermic effect of food
  • Physical activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed (only transfered)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

energy stored =

A

energy stored = energy intake - energy expended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

excess energy preferentially stored as _______ in __________

A

TAGs in ADIPOCYTES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

is there more kcal stored in the liver and muscle or adipocytes

A

adipocytes

20
Q

how are kcal stored in the adipocytes

21
Q

how are kcal stored in the liver and muscles

22
Q

what comprises total daily energy expenditure? (TDEE)

A
  1. resting energy expenditure (REE)
  2. thermic effect of food (TEF)
  3. physical activity
23
Q

what percent does REE contribute to total daily energy expenditure

A

60-75% of TDEE

24
Q

what percent does TEF contribute to TDEE

25
what percent does Physical activity contribute to TDEE
15-30% of TDEE
26
what does REE comprise
- energy needed to keep the body alive at complete rest while awake - basal metabolic rate (BMR) strict/controlled measurement conditions - resting metabolic rate (RMR) (~10% greater than BMR)
27
what does TEF comprise of
stimulated by protein, caffeine may be reduced in obesity
28
what is total energy expenditure related to and when does it decrease
muscle mass and decreases after age 60
29
increase in lean mass = ___ energy expenditure
increase
30
when energy expenditure is adjusted for fat-free mass there is...
only a decrease slightly after age 60 for both males and females
31
TEE ______ with amount of fat free mass (i.e. muscle)
Increases
32
TEE is _____ in ______ due to greater muscle mass
higher in males
33
TEE and ______ are fairly stable until age ~60
fat free mass
34
fat mass ______ up to age ______
increases up to age 60
35
describe an individual who would have a higher TEE
a male individual who had lots of fat free mass = highly active with lots of muscle who is below the age of 60
36
weight loss in large amounts results in
the stunt of metabolic rate which predisposes an individual to regain weigh. however lean weight will remain consistent
37
tissues mainly responsible for metabolic rate
muscle, liver, kidney, heart
38
how do you measure total energy expenditure
Direct Calorimetry
39
what does direct calorimetry measure
all metabolic processes in the body generate heat so the heat production can be used as a measurement for EE in a sealed chamber
40
why is making ATP inefficient
coupling of these reactions is NOT efficient. approximately 60% of the energy released by the oxidation of a substrate is lost as heat - so only 40% is used for biological work
41
what are the disadvantages of direct calorimetry
- expensive - need O2 source, CO2 absorbed - cant apply to field settings - so isn't practical
42
what is indirect calorimetry
estimating energy expenditure by measuring oxygen consumption (VO2)
43
why does indirect calorimetry work
as the body's energy expenditure increases, the use of oxygen increases proportionately (to a threshold)
44
what is open-circuit spirometry
breathe ambient room air - metabolic cart - flow meter to measure volume of air - analyzers for measuring the percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air (insp/exp) - computer for calculations
45
disadvantages of indirect calorimetry with exercise
- hyperventilation -airtight -mask comfort
46
advantages of indirect calorimetry with exercise
- portable versions to determine EE in a wide variety of activities - can also determine the substrates being oxidized using respiratory exchange ratio

NUTR 4210 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions