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Medical terminology > Basic Word Structure > Flashcards

Basic Word Structure Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aden/o

A

gland

adenoma- tumor of a gland
the suffix -oma means tumor or mass

adenitis- the suffix -itis means inflammation

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2
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

arthritis

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3
Q

bi/o

A

life

biology- the suffix -ology is composed of the root log (study) and the final suffix -y (process or condition).

biopsy- the suffix -opsy means process of viewing. Living tissue is removed from the body and viewed under a microscope

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4
Q

carcin/o

A

cancerous,cancer

carcinoma- is a cancerous tumor. Carcinoma grow from the epithelial (surface or skin) cells that cover the outside of the body and line organs, cavities, and tubes within the body

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5
Q

cardi/o

A

heart: cardiology

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6
Q

cephal/o

A

head

cephalic- the suffix -ic means pertaining to. A cephalic presentation describes a “head first” position for the delivery of an infant

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7
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum (largest part of the brain)

cerebral: the suffix -al means pertaining to

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8
Q

cis/o

A

to cut

incision-the prefix in- means into, and the suffix -ion means process

excision-the prefix ex- means out

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9
Q

crin/o

A

to secerte (to form to give off)

endocrine glands- the prefix endo- means within; endocrine glands (e.g., thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands) secrete hormones directly within (into) the bloodstream. Other glands, called exocrine glands, release their secretions (e.g., saliva, sweat, tears) through tubes
(ducts) to the outside of the body.

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10
Q

cysto/o

A

urinary bladder; a sac or a cyst (sac containing fluid)

The suffix -scopy is a complex suffix that includes the root scope, meaning visual examination, and the final suffix -y, meaning process

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11
Q

cyt/o

A

cell- cytology

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12
Q

derm/o

A

skin

hypodermic- the prefix hypo- means under or below

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13
Q

dermat/o

A

skin- dermatitis

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14
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

electrocardiogram- the suffix means record. Abbreviated ECG (or sometime EKG)

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15
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

electroencephalogram- abbreviated EEG

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16
Q

enter/o

A

intestines (usually the small intestines)

enteritis- the small intestine is narrower but much longer than the large intestine (colon)

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17
Q

erythr/o

A

red

erythrocyte- the suffix -ctye means cell. Erythrocyte carry oxygen in the blood

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18
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

gastrectomy- the suffix-ectomy means excision or removal. All or, more commonly, part of the stomach is removed

gastrotomy- the suffix -tomy is another complex suffix, which contains the root tom, meaning to cut, and the final suffix -y, meaning process of

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19
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

hyperglycemia- the prefix hyper- means excessive, above, or more than normal. The suffix -emia means blood condition

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20
Q

gnos/o

A

knowledge

diagnosis- the prefix dia-means complete. The suffix -sis means state or condition of. A diagnosis is made after sufficient information has been obtained about the patients condition. Literally it is a state knowledge.

prognosis- the prefix -pro means before. Literally “knowledge before,” a prognosis is a prediction about the outcome of an illness, but it is always given after the diagnosis has been determined

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21
Q

gynec/o

A

woman,female : gynecology

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22
Q

hermat/o

A

blood: hematology

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23
Q

hem/o

A

blood

hematoma: in this term, -oma means a mass or collection of blood, rather than a growth of cells (tumor). A hematoma forms when blood escapes from blood vessels and collects as a clot in a cavity or organ or under the skin
hemoglobin: the suffix -globin means protein. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells

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24
Q

hepat/o

A

liver: hepatitis

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25
Q

iatr/o

A

treatment, physician

iatrogenic: the suffix -genic means pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in. Iatrogenic conditions are adverse effects that result from treatment or intervention by a physicians.

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26
Q

leuk/o

A

white

leukocyte: this blood cells helps the body fight disease

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27
Q

log/o

A

study of: dermatology

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28
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney: nephritis, nephrology

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29
Q

neur/o

A

nerve: neurology

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30
Q

onc/o

A

tumor: oncology
oncology: the suffix -ist means one who specialize in a fields of medicine (or other profession)

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31
Q

ophthalm/o

A

eye: ophthalmoscope- the suffix -scope means an interment for visual examination.

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32
Q

oste/o

A

bone: osteitis
osteoarthritis: this condition of aging is actually a degeneration of bones and joints often accompanied by inflammation

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33
Q

path/o

A

disease : pathology

pathologist: examines biopsy samples microscopically and examine dead bodies to determine the cause of death

34
Q

ped/o

A

child
pediatric: Notice that ped/o is also in the term orthopedist. Orthopedists once were doctors who straightened (ortho/o means straight) children’s bones and corrected deformities. Nowadays, orthopedists specialize in disorders of bones and muscles in people of all ages

35
Q

psych/o

A

mind: psychology, psychiatrist

36
Q

radi/o

A

x-rays: radiology- low-energy x-rays are used for diagnostic imaging

37
Q

ren/o

A

kidney: renal- ren/o and nephr/o both mean kidney. Ren/o is used with -al to describe the kidney, whereas nephr/o is used with other suffixes such as -osis, -itis and -ectomy to describe abnormal conditions and operative procedures

38
Q

rhin/o

A

nose: rhinitis

39
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh: sarcoma- this is a cancerous (malignant) tumor. A sarcoma grows from cells of “fleshy”connective tissue such as muscle, bone, fat, whereas a carcinoma (another type of cancerous tumor) grows from epithelial cells that line the outside of the body or the inside of organs in the body

40
Q

sect/o

A

to cut: resection- the prefix means back. A resection is a cutting back in the sense of cutting out or removal (excision). A gastric resection is a gastrectomy, or excision of the stomach

41
Q

thromb/o

A

clot,clotting
thrombocyte: also known as platelets, these cells help clot blood. A thrombus is an actual clot that form, and thrombosis (-osis means condition) is the condition of clot formation

42
Q

ur/o

A

urinary tract, urine
urology: A urologist is a surgeon who operates on the organs of the urinary tract and the organs of the male reproductive system

43
Q

-ac

A

pertaining to: cardiac

44
Q

-al

A

pertaining to: neural

45
Q

-algia

A

pain: arthralgia, neuralgia

46
Q

-cyte

A

cell: erythrocyte

47
Q

-ectomy

A

excision, removal : nephrectomy

48
Q

-emia

A

blood condition
leukemia: literally, this term means “ a blood condition of white (blood cells). Actaully, it is a condition of blood in which cancerous white blood cells proliferate (increase in number)

49
Q

-genic

A

pertaining to producing, produced by or produced in

carcinogenic: cigarette smoke is carcinogenic

50
Q

-globin

A

protein : hemoglobin

51
Q

-gram

A

record: electroencephalogram

52
Q

-ic,-ical

A

pertaining to: gastric

neurologic: log/o means study of

53
Q

-ion

A

process: excision

54
Q

-ist

A

specialist: ophthalmologist

55
Q

-itis

A

inflammation: cystitis

56
Q

-olgy

A

process of studying: endocrinology

57
Q

-oma

A

tumor, mass, swelling

hepatoma: is a tumor of the liver

58
Q

-opsy

A

process of viewing

biopsy: specimens are obtained and viewed under a microscope

59
Q

-osis

A

condition, usually abnormal (slight increase in numbers when used with blood cells)
nephrosis
leukocytosis: this condition, a slight increase in normal white blood cells, occurs as white blood cells multiply to fight an infection. Don’t confuse leukocytosis with leukemia, which is a cancerous (malignant) condition marked by high levels of abnormal, immature white blood cells

60
Q

-pathy

A

diease, condition: enteropathy

61
Q

-scope

A

instrument to visually examine

endoscope: endo- means within. A cystoscope is a type of endoscope

62
Q

-scopy

A

process of visually examining

endoscopy: endoscopy is performed with an endoscope

63
Q

-sis

A

state of; condition: prognosis

64
Q

-tomy

A

process of cutting,incision: osteotomy

65
Q

-y

A

process,condition: gastroenterology

66
Q

a-,an-

A

no,not,without
anemia: is a decreased number of erythrocytes or an abnormality of the hemoglobin (a chemical) within the red blood cells. This results in decreased delivery of oxygen to cells of the body. Anemic patients look so pale that early physicians thought they were literally “without blood”

67
Q

aut-,auto-

A

self, own
autopsy: “process of viewing oneself”. Hence, an autopsy is the examination of a dead body with one’s own eyes to determine the cause of death and nature of disease

68
Q

dia-

A

complete, through

diagnosis: the purl of diagnosis is diagnoses

69
Q

endo-

A

within: endocrinologist

70
Q

epi-

A

above,upon: epigastric

epidemis: this outermost layer of the skin lies above the middle layer of skin, known as the dermis

71
Q

ex-,exo-

A

outside, outside of, outward: excision, exocrine glands

72
Q

hyper-

A

excessive, above, more than normal

hyperthyroidism: the suffix -ism means process or condition

73
Q

hypo-

A

deficient, below, under, less than normal
hypogastric: when hypo- is used with a part of the body, it means below

hypoglycemia: in this term hypo- means below

74
Q

in-

A

into, in: incision

75
Q

peri-

A

surrounding, around

pericardium: the suffix -um means a structure. The pericardium is the membrane that surrounds the heart

76
Q

pro-

A

before, forward
prostate gland: this endocrine gland “stands” (-state) before or in front of the urinary bladder. It produces semen, which contains fluid and sperm cells

77
Q

re-

A

back, backward, again

resection: this is an operation in which tissue is “cut back” or removed.

78
Q

retro-

A

behind: retrocardiac

79
Q

sub-

A

below, under: subhepatic

80
Q

trans-

A

across, through: transhepatic

Medical terminology (8 decks)

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