Basic Vocab Flashcards
Subsystems
Morphology
The study of how words are formed or shaped. Each word can be broken down to one or more morphemes, which are the smallest units of meaning within a word.
Morphology Root and Stem
Roots have a stem that can be altered by adding an affix ( prefix and or suffix ) and carry extra grammatical information
Morphology Free and Bound morphemes
Free - are indivisible and can stand alone as a word ( banana )
Bound - rely on a root/stem to be used in a word ( stem: un/dis/pre end: ing/ed/est
Morphology Inflectional & Derivational
An inflection is a bound morpheme that adds grammatical information to that word.
A derivational affix creates/ derives a new word from the root/stem thereby changing the meaning or from of the word.
Lexicology
The study of words - their form - their meaning - and how they behave with a language
Lexeme - is a word
Lexicon - is vocabulary
Nouns
Refers to the names of places, people, things, qualties, ideas or concepts. They function as subject and objects in sentences.
Pronouns
Reduce reptation of nouns
Common in conatatibe and emmotibe texts ‘we’
e.g- me you him us them that this
Verbs & Auxiliary verb
Denotes actions, processes, states or events
Auxiliary Verb; a subclass of verb with two main groups
Primary auxiliary: modifies and changes some aspects of a main verb ( was dancing) to form negatives ( i do not like him )
Modal auxiliary: expresses the possibility, ability, intent, obligation or necessity of an action occurring such as ( can will should shall might )
Adjective
Denotes prosperities or states relating to shape, size, color Evalution, judgment or degree of comparison. A describing word.
Adverbs
Helps describe, modify, or qualify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs whole phrases or sentences. Adverbs are involved in answering questions such as how? How often? When? How much ?
Preposition
Function words that show the relationship between noun or pronouns and other words in the sentences . Positions thing s in space where they are * or in time when something takes place * or describes the manner in which an action is performed.
( of, with, at, from, into, for, during, on , by, after. before, towards )
Conjunction
Connect other words, phrases, clauses and sentences together. They allow us to form complex ideas and sentences and also to demonstrate relationships between words or phrases from the same class.
Coordinating Conjunction’s
Link words, phrases and clauses together that are equal in value. (FAN BOYS )
Subordinating Conjunctions
Can only join clauses together they introduce subordinate clauses and link the subordinate clause to a main clause. After although as if because if even though how that supposing than until when where not or whereas though wheater.
Determiner
introduce noun phrases and function as modifiers placed in front of noun and helps clarify the noun, specify quantity or indicate possession.
Interjection
Words or phrases that express a sudden or strong emotion or feeling. They tend to be highly expressive and emotive. ‘ Yes - No - Okay - Hello “
Function and content word
Function words have grammatical meaning they express the relationships between other words in the sentence . It is rare that new words are added to these word classes. ( pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, auxiliary verbs, model verbs )
Phrases
A group of words that have some sort of grammatical relationship with one another and convey meaning. Do not contain both a subject and a verb.
Noun Phrases
A group of one or more words and contain a noun as the head of the phrases as well as modifiers to that noun. occur before or after the noun. ( the happy mouse )
Verb Phrase
Consists of a main verb and another word that may modify, future illustrates the verb tense action and tone.
Prepositional Phrase
Consists of a preposition and a noun phrase that is considered to be its object. Preposition must come before the noun phrase ( modify nouns, verbs or adjectives)
Adjective phrases
Adjective as its head and may include modifiers to that adjective. other adjectives and adverbs - provide extra description within a sentence and enable more complex description of nouns
Adverb Phrase
Consists of an adverb as its head and may include modifiers to that adverbs.
Modifies a verb ,adjective, and other adverbs. describes ( time, place manner, frequency, and degree )
Syntax
is concerned with the structure of phrases, clauses and sentences. How words are arranged into groups t make phrases, clauses different types of sentences.
SUBJECT _ VERB _ OBJECT
Clauses
A set of phrases that must, as a minimum, contain both a subject and a predicate. Some may stand alone as a sentence - independent clauses. Some may form a part of a sentence and can’t stand alone as a sentence - dependent clause
Subject
The noun or noun phrase within a sentence that take the action indicated by the predicate.
Predicate
The main verb of a clause and all it’s modifiers - whole fo the clause that comes after the subject.
Objects
Found by looking for the noun or NP that has not carried out the verb
Complement
Provides extra information about the subject or object which has already been mentioned within a sentence.
Subject complement - typically a noun phrase - adjective phrase - prepositional phrase or adverb phrases ( my cat’s name is fearless )
Object Complement- any main phrase that come after an object - subject complement’s, object complements are also typically noun phrases, adjectives phrases, prepositional phrases or adverbs phrases ( the comment made everyone feel awkward )
Adverbials
provide extra information about a verb. they often say where, when, how or how often something occurs. ( the cat was purring on my lap )
