Basic Theories as Frameworks in Ethics Flashcards
Identification
It is a basic structure underlying a system or concept
Framework
Identification
In ethics, it refers to a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality
Framework
True or False
Personally held frameworks and principles in Ethics dictate one’s moral disposition or the way a person resolves moral dilemmas
True
True or False
Ethicists today generally divide the study of morality into five general subject areas
False
Ethicists today generally divide the study of morality into three general subject areas
Enumeration
What are the three general subject areas of morality?
- Meta-Ethics
- Normative Ethics
- Applied Ethics
Identification
It is a branch of ethics that studies the nature
of morality
Meta-Ethics
Identification
It talks about the meaning, reference, and
truth values of moral judgments
Meta-Ethics
Identification
It also explains what goodness and
wickedness mean and how we know about
them
Meta-Ethics
Identification
are commonly classified
semantically as either cognitivist or non- cognitivist; substantially as either universalist or
relativist; and epistemologically as empiricist, rationalist, or intuitionist
Meta-ethical theories
Identification
States that moral judgments convey
propositions, that is, they are truth bearers or
they are either true or false
Cognitivism
Identification
Most ethical theories are cognitivist as they
contend that right and wrong are matters of
fact
Cognitivism
Enumeration
What are the most famous forms of cognitive ethics?
Moral Realism
Ethical Subjectivism
Identification
Claims that the existence of moral facts
and the truth (or falsity) of moral
judgments are independent of
people’s thoughts and perceptions
Moral Realism
Identification
It maintains that morality is about
objective facts, that is, not facts about
any person or group’s subjective
judgement
Moral Realism
Identification
Holds that truth (or falsity) of ethical
propositions are dependent on the
attitudes or standards of a person or
group of persons
Ethical Aubjectivism
Identification
Obviously contrary to moral realism
Ethical Subjectivism
Identification
Denies that moral judgments are either true
or false
Non-Cognitivism
Identification
It claims that ethical sentences do not convey
authentic propositions, hence are neither true
nor false
Non-Cognitivism
Identification
Most popular form of non-cognitivist
theory
Emotivism
Identification
It submits that moral judgments are
mere expressions of our emotions
and feelings
Emotivism
Identification
Like exclamatory sentences, ethical
sentences cannot be said to be either
true or false according to theory
Emotivism
Identification
Theorizes that moral facts and principles
apply to everybody in all places
Moral Universalism
Identification
It is also called moral objectivism, it claims
that a universal ethic exists and that this
applies to all similarly situated persons, regardless of nationality, citizenship, culture, race, gender, sexual preference, religion, or any
other differentiating factor
Moral Universalism
Identification
Believing that some behaviors are simply
wrong, it also submits that if something is
right for one then it is right for another
Moral Universalism
Identification
Moral universalism is very much compatible
with moral realism
Moral Universalism
Identification
Submits that different moral facts and principles apply to different persons or
group of individuals
Moral Relativism
Identification
Believing that various cultures have distinct
standards of right and wrong, it also maintains
that ethical standards also change over time even in the same culture
Moral Relativism
Identification
Denying a single, objective standard for morality,
it holds that all moral norms are equally true
and morals are mere preferences
Moral Relativism
Identification
Noticeably, it is very much compatible with
ethical subjectivism
Moral Relativism
Identification
Is a meta-ethical stance which states that
moral facts are known through observation
and experience
Moral Empiricism
Identification
It is an extension of empiricism in epistemology
which states that all knowledge of matters of
fact is derived from experience and that our
mind is not equipped with pre-experience
concepts
Moral Empiricism
Identification
Some forms of moral empiricism hold that
moral truths are reducible to matters about
people’s opinions or cultural conventions
and thus are recognizable by observation of
their conventions
Moral Empiricism
Identification
Contends that moral facts and principles are
knowable a priori, that is, by reason alone
and without reference to experience
Moral Rationalism
Identification
claims that
knowledge about reality are gained through non- empirical deductive system, most forms of
rationalism purport that moral facts are known
through rational inferential process
Moral Rationalism
Identification
the theory relies on reason rather
than intuition in justifying a belief or action
Moral Rationalism
Identification
Submits that moral truths are knowable by
intuition, that is, by immediate instinctive
knowledge without reference to any evidence
Moral Intuitionism
Identification
It claims that we have intuitive awareness of
value or morality and that it defines the basis
of our ethical knowledge
Moral Intuitionism
Identification
It thus insists that moral value of actions may
be known intuitively, even if their
consequences have not been covered
Moral Intuitionism
Identification
In its general form, it claims that some moral
facts can be known without inference
Moral Intuitionism
Identification
some empiricist and rationalist theories
that promote non-inferential moral knowledge
may be compatible with moral intuitionism
Moral Intuitionism
Identification
Studies how man ought to act, morally
speaking
Normative Ethics
Identification
It examines ethical norms, that is, those
guidelines about what is right, worthwhile, virtuous, or just
Normative Ethics
Identification
Evaluates the standards for the rightness
and wrongness of actions and determines a
moral course of action
Normative Ethics
Identification
Prescriptive in nature, it addresses specific
moral questions about what we should do or
believe
Normative Ethics
Identification
It deals with issues like “What ought one to
do?”
Normative Ethics
Identification
It is an ethical system that bases morality on
independent moral rules or duties
Deontology
Identification
What does the Greek word deon mean?
Duty
Identification
It came from the Greek word deon, which
means duty, implying the foundational nature
of man’s duties or obligations
Deontology
Identification
This system equates behaving morally with
adherence to duties or moral rules, and
acting immorally with failure to obey them
Deontology
Identification
It is also called nonconsequentialism
Deontology
Identification
the
system’s principles are submitted as
obligatory, regardless of the consequences
that actions might produce
Deontology
Identification
Refers to moral system that determines the
moral value of actions by their outcomes or
results
Teleology
Identification
Meaning of the word telos
End
Identification
takes into account the end
result of the action as the exclusive consideration of its morality
Teleology
Identification
It deems an action as morally right if its
favorable consequences are greater that its
adverse outcomes
Teleology
Identification
Its most famous form is consequentialism
Teleology
Identification
proposes that morality is determined
solely by a cost-benefit evaluation of the
action’s consequences
Consequentialism
Identification
As a moral system, it places emphasis on
developing good habits of character, like
kindness and generosity, and avoiding bad
character traits, or vices, such as greed or
hatred
Virtue Ethics
Identification
Virtue-based theories give importance to moral
education which molds individuals to habitually
act in a virtuous manner
Virtue Ethics
Identification
Focusing on the character of the agent, virtue
ethics describes right actions as those
chosen and performed suitably by virtuous
person
Virtue Ethics
Identification
Philosophically examines specific, controversial moral issues
Applied Ethics
Identification
Using philosophical methods, this area of
concerns in Ethics attempts to determine the
ethically correct course of action in specific
realms of human action
Applied Ethics
Identification
For a subject to be considered as an applied
ethical issue, not only it must be a matter of
moral judgment, but it also has to be
controversial. That is, there must be considerable groups of people both for and
against the issue
Applied Ethics
Identification
This concerns ethical issues pertaining to life, biomedical researches, medicines, healthcare and medical profession
Bioethics
Enumeration
Give 3 controversies involving bioethics
surrogate mothering
genetic
manipulation of fetuses
stem cell research
using human embryos in research
in-vitro
fertilization
abortion
euthanasia
suicide
patient’s rights
confidentiality of patient’s
records
physician’s responsibilities
mandatory medical screening
Identification
It deals with moral issues concerning nature, ecosystem, and its nonhuman contents
Environmental Ethics
Enumeration
Give 3 controversies involving environmental ethics
animal rights
animal experimentation
endagered species
preservation
pollution control
sustainable development
Identification
Examines moral principles concerning business
environment
Business Ethics
Identification
Involves issues about corporate practices, policies, business behaviors, and the
conducts of relationships of individuals in
the organizations
Business Ethics
Identification
It investigates ethical controversies such as
thous about the social responsibility of
businesses, employee rights, harassment,
labor unions, misleading advertising, job
discrimination, and whistle blowing
Business Ethics
Identification
It studies moral issues about sexuality and
human sexual behavior
Sexual Ethics
Identification
It examines topics like homosexuality,
lesbianism, polygamy, pre-marital sex, marital fidelity, extra-marital sex, non-marital
procreation, loveless sexual relations, safe
sex and contraceptive use
Sexual Ethics
Identification
It deals with what is right for a society to do
and how it should act as a whole
Social Ethics
Identification
Its focus is on what may be deemed as proper
behavior for people as a whole
Social Ethics
Enumeration
Give 3 Issues involving social ethics
racial discrimination
death penalty
nuclear
weapon production
gun control
drug use
for fun
welfare rights
