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Ethics Midterms > Basic Theories as Frameworks in Ethics > Flashcards

Basic Theories as Frameworks in Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Identification

It is a basic structure underlying a system or concept

A

Framework

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2
Q

Identification

In ethics, it refers to a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality

A

Framework

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3
Q

True or False

Personally held frameworks and principles in Ethics dictate one’s moral disposition or the way a person resolves moral dilemmas

A

True

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4
Q

True or False

Ethicists today generally divide the study of morality into five general subject areas

A

False

Ethicists today generally divide the study of morality into three general subject areas

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5
Q

Enumeration

What are the three general subject areas of morality?

A
  • Meta-Ethics
  • Normative Ethics
  • Applied Ethics
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6
Q

Identification

It is a branch of ethics that studies the nature
of morality

A

Meta-Ethics

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7
Q

Identification

It talks about the meaning, reference, and
truth values of moral judgments

A

Meta-Ethics

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8
Q

Identification

It also explains what goodness and
wickedness mean and how we know about
them

A

Meta-Ethics

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9
Q

Identification

are commonly classified
semantically as either cognitivist or non- cognitivist; substantially as either universalist or
relativist; and epistemologically as empiricist, rationalist, or intuitionist

A

Meta-ethical theories

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10
Q

Identification

States that moral judgments convey
propositions, that is, they are truth bearers or
they are either true or false

A

Cognitivism

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11
Q

Identification

Most ethical theories are cognitivist as they
contend that right and wrong are matters of
fact

A

Cognitivism

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12
Q

Enumeration

What are the most famous forms of cognitive ethics?

A

Moral Realism
Ethical Subjectivism

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13
Q

Identification

Claims that the existence of moral facts
and the truth (or falsity) of moral
judgments are independent of
people’s thoughts and perceptions

A

Moral Realism

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14
Q

Identification

It maintains that morality is about
objective facts, that is, not facts about
any person or group’s subjective
judgement

A

Moral Realism

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15
Q

Identification

Holds that truth (or falsity) of ethical
propositions are dependent on the
attitudes or standards of a person or
group of persons

A

Ethical Aubjectivism

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16
Q

Identification

Obviously contrary to moral realism

A

Ethical Subjectivism

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17
Q

Identification

Denies that moral judgments are either true
or false

A

Non-Cognitivism

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18
Q

Identification

It claims that ethical sentences do not convey
authentic propositions, hence are neither true
nor false

A

Non-Cognitivism

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19
Q

Identification

Most popular form of non-cognitivist
theory

A

Emotivism

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20
Q

Identification

It submits that moral judgments are
mere expressions of our emotions
and feelings

A

Emotivism

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21
Q

Identification

Like exclamatory sentences, ethical
sentences cannot be said to be either
true or false according to theory

A

Emotivism

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22
Q

Identification

Theorizes that moral facts and principles
apply to everybody in all places

A

Moral Universalism

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23
Q

Identification

It is also called moral objectivism, it claims
that a universal ethic exists and that this
applies to all similarly situated persons, regardless of nationality, citizenship, culture, race, gender, sexual preference, religion, or any
other differentiating factor

A

Moral Universalism

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24
Q

Identification

Believing that some behaviors are simply
wrong, it also submits that if something is
right for one then it is right for another

A

Moral Universalism

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25
Q

Identification

Moral universalism is very much compatible
with moral realism

A

Moral Universalism

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26
Q

Identification

Submits that different moral facts and principles apply to different persons or
group of individuals

A

Moral Relativism

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27
Q

Identification

Believing that various cultures have distinct
standards of right and wrong, it also maintains
that ethical standards also change over time even in the same culture

A

Moral Relativism

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28
Q

Identification

Denying a single, objective standard for morality,
it holds that all moral norms are equally true
and morals are mere preferences

A

Moral Relativism

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29
Q

Identification

Noticeably, it is very much compatible with
ethical subjectivism

A

Moral Relativism

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30
Q

Identification

Is a meta-ethical stance which states that
moral facts are known through observation
and experience

A

Moral Empiricism

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31
Q

Identification

It is an extension of empiricism in epistemology
which states that all knowledge of matters of
fact is derived from experience and that our
mind is not equipped with pre-experience
concepts

A

Moral Empiricism

32
Q

Identification

Some forms of moral empiricism hold that
moral truths are reducible to matters about
people’s opinions or cultural conventions
and thus are recognizable by observation of
their conventions

A

Moral Empiricism

33
Q

Identification

Contends that moral facts and principles are
knowable a priori, that is, by reason alone
and without reference to experience

A

Moral Rationalism

34
Q

Identification

claims that
knowledge about reality are gained through non- empirical deductive system, most forms of
rationalism purport that moral facts are known
through rational inferential process

A

Moral Rationalism

35
Q

Identification

the theory relies on reason rather
than intuition in justifying a belief or action

A

Moral Rationalism

36
Q

Identification

Submits that moral truths are knowable by
intuition, that is, by immediate instinctive
knowledge without reference to any evidence

A

Moral Intuitionism

37
Q

Identification

It claims that we have intuitive awareness of
value or morality and that it defines the basis
of our ethical knowledge

A

Moral Intuitionism

38
Q

Identification

It thus insists that moral value of actions may
be known intuitively, even if their
consequences have not been covered

A

Moral Intuitionism

39
Q

Identification

In its general form, it claims that some moral
facts can be known without inference

A

Moral Intuitionism

40
Q

Identification

some empiricist and rationalist theories
that promote non-inferential moral knowledge
may be compatible with moral intuitionism

A

Moral Intuitionism

41
Q

Identification

Studies how man ought to act, morally
speaking

A

Normative Ethics

42
Q

Identification

It examines ethical norms, that is, those
guidelines about what is right, worthwhile, virtuous, or just

A

Normative Ethics

43
Q

Identification

Evaluates the standards for the rightness
and wrongness of actions and determines a
moral course of action

A

Normative Ethics

44
Q

Identification

Prescriptive in nature, it addresses specific
moral questions about what we should do or
believe

A

Normative Ethics

45
Q

Identification

It deals with issues like “What ought one to
do?”

A

Normative Ethics

46
Q

Identification

It is an ethical system that bases morality on
independent moral rules or duties

A

Deontology

47
Q

Identification

What does the Greek word deon mean?

A

Duty

48
Q

Identification

It came from the Greek word deon, which
means duty, implying the foundational nature
of man’s duties or obligations

A

Deontology

49
Q

Identification

This system equates behaving morally with
adherence to duties or moral rules, and
acting immorally with failure to obey them

A

Deontology

50
Q

Identification

It is also called nonconsequentialism

A

Deontology

51
Q

Identification

the
system’s principles are submitted as
obligatory, regardless of the consequences
that actions might produce

A

Deontology

52
Q

Identification

Refers to moral system that determines the
moral value of actions by their outcomes or
results

A

Teleology

53
Q

Identification

Meaning of the word telos

A

End

54
Q

Identification
takes into account the end
result of the action as the exclusive consideration of its morality

A

Teleology

55
Q

Identification

It deems an action as morally right if its
favorable consequences are greater that its
adverse outcomes

A

Teleology

56
Q

Identification

Its most famous form is consequentialism

A

Teleology

57
Q

Identification

proposes that morality is determined
solely by a cost-benefit evaluation of the
action’s consequences

A

Consequentialism

58
Q

Identification

As a moral system, it places emphasis on
developing good habits of character, like
kindness and generosity, and avoiding bad
character traits, or vices, such as greed or
hatred

A

Virtue Ethics

59
Q

Identification

Virtue-based theories give importance to moral
education which molds individuals to habitually
act in a virtuous manner

A

Virtue Ethics

60
Q

Identification

Focusing on the character of the agent, virtue
ethics describes right actions as those
chosen and performed suitably by virtuous
person

A

Virtue Ethics

61
Q

Identification

Philosophically examines specific, controversial moral issues

A

Applied Ethics

62
Q

Identification

Using philosophical methods, this area of
concerns in Ethics attempts to determine the
ethically correct course of action in specific
realms of human action

A

Applied Ethics

63
Q

Identification

For a subject to be considered as an applied
ethical issue, not only it must be a matter of
moral judgment, but it also has to be
controversial. That is, there must be considerable groups of people both for and
against the issue

A

Applied Ethics

64
Q

Identification

This concerns ethical issues pertaining to life, biomedical researches, medicines, healthcare and medical profession

A

Bioethics

65
Q

Enumeration

Give 3 controversies involving bioethics

A

surrogate mothering
genetic
manipulation of fetuses
stem cell research
using human embryos in research
in-vitro
fertilization
abortion
euthanasia
suicide
patient’s rights
confidentiality of patient’s
records
physician’s responsibilities
mandatory medical screening

66
Q

Identification

It deals with moral issues concerning nature, ecosystem, and its nonhuman contents

A

Environmental Ethics

67
Q

Enumeration

Give 3 controversies involving environmental ethics

A

animal rights
animal experimentation
endagered species
preservation
pollution control
sustainable development

68
Q

Identification

Examines moral principles concerning business
environment

A

Business Ethics

69
Q

Identification

Involves issues about corporate practices, policies, business behaviors, and the
conducts of relationships of individuals in
the organizations

A

Business Ethics

70
Q

Identification

It investigates ethical controversies such as
thous about the social responsibility of
businesses, employee rights, harassment,
labor unions, misleading advertising, job
discrimination, and whistle blowing

A

Business Ethics

71
Q

Identification

It studies moral issues about sexuality and
human sexual behavior

A

Sexual Ethics

72
Q

Identification

It examines topics like homosexuality,
lesbianism, polygamy, pre-marital sex, marital fidelity, extra-marital sex, non-marital
procreation, loveless sexual relations, safe
sex and contraceptive use

A

Sexual Ethics

73
Q

Identification

It deals with what is right for a society to do
and how it should act as a whole

A

Social Ethics

74
Q

Identification

Its focus is on what may be deemed as proper
behavior for people as a whole

A

Social Ethics

75
Q

Enumeration

Give 3 Issues involving social ethics

A

racial discrimination
death penalty
nuclear
weapon production
gun control
drug use
for fun
welfare rights

Ethics Midterms (6 decks)

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