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Basic Sciences > Basic Sciences > Flashcards

Basic Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

which cell types are involved in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
plasma cells

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2
Q

what is screened for in donated blood?

A

HBV, HCV, HIV 1+2, HTLV I + II, syphilis

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3
Q

is sypphilis screened for in donated blood?

A

Yes

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4
Q

which cell type is involved with the formation of foam cells?

A

Macrophages

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5
Q

which type of necrosis is characteristic of TB?

A

Caseating

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6
Q

is facial flushing a feature of horners syndrome?

A

Yes

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7
Q

which cells are involved in phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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8
Q

which substance produced by neutrophils is needed for phagocytosis?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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9
Q

how is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

bicarbonate

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10
Q

what is the triad of rhabdomyolysis?

A

Muscle Weakness
Myalgia
Dark Urine

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11
Q

at what temperature should platelets be stored?

A

Room Temperature

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12
Q

how long can platelets be stored prior to transfusion?

A

5 days

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13
Q

what findings are there on a post splenectomy blood film?

A 
Howell Jolly bodies
Heinz bodies
Pappenheimmer bodies
Poikilocytes (target cells)
erythrocyte siderotic granules
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14
Q

in what conditions are stipple cells seen on a blood film?

A

Lead poisoning

Haemoglobinopathies

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15
Q

what electrolyte abnormality is associated with over administration of sodium chloride?

A

Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis

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16
Q

which blood test is prolonged in haemophilia?

A

APTT

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17
Q

APTT tests which arm of the clotting cascade

A

Intrinsic

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18
Q

which factors are known as cofactors in the clotting cascade?

A

Factor V, Factor VIII

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19
Q

how is iron best absorbed?

A

Fe2+ (ferrous state)

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20
Q

which clotting factor forms a couplex with tissue factor to initiate the clotting cascade?

A

Factor VII

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21
Q

which is the most common organism to infiltrate plastic devices?

A

Strep epidermidis

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22
Q

where is the antigen binding site of imonuglobulins?

A

The variable region of one heavy and one light chain

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23
Q

metaplasia of the respiratory tract is associated with deficiency of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin A

can lead to squamous metaplasia

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24
Q

what is a normal total blood volume?

A

5 litres

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25
Q

what volume of total blood volume is usually intracellular?

A

Two thirds

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26
Q

what is the body’s usual plasma volume?

A

3 litres

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27
Q

how much water is typically lost from the lungs daily?

A

400ml

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28
Q

what toxins are produced by clostridia?

A

Exotoxins

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29
Q

are clostridia gram positive or negative?

A

Positive

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30
Q

what is madura foot?

A

Localised subcutaneous tissue infection with fungi or filamentous bacteria

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31
Q

are lymphocytes natural killer cells?

A

Yes

32
Q

genetic mutation in which type of collagen leads to osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Type I

33
Q

which arm of the clotting cascade is initiated by tissue factors?

A

Extrinsic

34
Q

which arm of the clotting cascade is initiated by contact with damaged surfaces?

A

Intrinsic

35
Q

which clotting factors are involved in the extrinsic pathway?

A

Factor VII, tissue factor

36
Q

which clotting factors are involved in the common pathway?

A

Factors I, II, V, X

37
Q

which clotting factors are involved in the intrinsic pathway?

A

Factors XII, XI, IX, VIII

38
Q

which cell type proliferates in graft vs host disease?

A

lymphocytes

39
Q

is hypo or hypercalcaemia a risk of blood transfusion?

A

Hypocalcaemia

40
Q

what are the first blood changes post splenectomy?

A

Granulocytosis, Thrombocytosis

41
Q

what happens to the reticulocyte count post splenectomy?

A

increases

42
Q

Post splenectomy lymphocytosis and monocytosis occurs over what time frame?

A

weeks

43
Q

at high altitude which way will the oxygen dissociation curve shift?

A

to the right

44
Q

do transfused cells have more or less 2,3 DPG?

A

Less

45
Q

increased 2,3 DPG causes a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve which way?

A

right

46
Q

what type of heparin is used in cardiopulmonary bypass?

A

Unfractionated

47
Q

which type of heparin is easier to reverse?

A

Unfractionated

48
Q

which cell type produces tumour necrosis factor?

A

macrophages

49
Q

which organism causes malignant otitis externa?

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

50
Q

neutrophil polymorphs are diagnostic of which type of inflammation?

A

acute

51
Q

lactate or bicarbonate is present in hartmanns solution?

A

lactate

52
Q

which cell type is involved in granulomas?

A

macrophages

53
Q

sarcoidosis causes an increase in which hormone?

A

ACE

54
Q

angiotensin II acts on the hypothalamus to cause release of what substance from the pituitary?

A

ADH

55
Q

infection with bartonella henselae causes what disease?

A

cat scratch disease

56
Q

what is an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A

Manubriosternal joint

Pubic Symphysis

57
Q

what is an example of a primary cartilaginous joint?

A

Epiphysis

1st sternocostal joint

58
Q

what is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

Gomphoses - teeth
Sutures of skull
Syndesmosis

59
Q

is staph aureus coagulase negative or positive?

A

Positive

60
Q

is staph epidermidis coagulase negative or positive?

A

negative

61
Q

increase in cell number is defined as hyperplasia or hypertrophy?

A

Hyperplasia

62
Q

increase in cell size is known as hyperplasia or hypertrophy?

A

hypertrophy

63
Q

what type of necrosis is seen in the brain?

A

liquefactive

64
Q

which antibodies are elevated in primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

anti mitochondrial

65
Q

which type of immunologlobulin is passed from mother to fetus via the placenta?

A

IgG

66
Q

what type of granulomas are found in sarcoidosis?

A

Epithelioid

67
Q

what is a normal anion gap?

A

7-16

68
Q

which type of organism is salmonella?

A

Gram negative rod

69
Q

is the egfr in afro-carribean patients under or overestimated?

A

underestimated

70
Q

is severe pruritis more commonly seen in hodgkins or non hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Hodgkins

71
Q

is non contigious disease more common in hodgkins or non hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Non hodgkins

72
Q

which type of hodgkins lymphoma has the best prognosis?

A

Nodular Sclerosing

73
Q

what is an example of a permanent cell type?

A

erythrocytes

74
Q

case control studies usually measure what outcome?

A

Odds ratio

75
Q

cohort studies measure what outcome?

A

relative risk

76
Q

popcorn cells are associated with which type of hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant

Basic Sciences (5 decks)

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