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Naplex 2023 > Basic Science Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Science Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheralnervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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3
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntarily controls muscle movement

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4
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary control of bodily functions

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5
Q

neutrotransmitters

A

body’s chemical messengers (substrates/ligands)

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6
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

main NT of somatic nervous system
binds to nicotinic receptors (Nn) inskeletal muscles

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7
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest and digest”
Ach binds to muscarinic receptors = SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, and digestion)

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8
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight or flight”
Epi and NE to alpha-1, beta-1, beta-2
inc BP, HR, bronchodilation, pupil dilation, glucose production
dec salivation, urination, peristalsis

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9
Q

substrate

A

binds to receptors
endogenous or exogenous

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10
Q

agonist

A

binds to and activates a receptor

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11
Q

antagonist

A

binds to and blocks receptor

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12
Q

competitive inhibition

A

antagonist binds to same active site as endogenous substrate

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13
Q

non-competitive inhibition

A

antagonist binds to allosteric sites = change shape of active site

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14
Q

isoproterenol

A

mixed beta-1 and beta-2 agonist
used for bradycardia and causes bronchodilation

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15
Q

carvedilol

A

inhibits alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2
peripheral vasodilation and dec HR
can cause bronchoconstriction

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16
Q

vasopressors

A

stimulate multi receptors (like a-1 and b-1) to inc vasoconstriction, HR, BP

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17
Q

clonidine

A

centrally acting alpha-2 agonist = dec sympathetic output = dec BP and HR

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18
Q

muscarinic agonist

A

acetylcholine
inc SLUDD

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19
Q

muscarinic drug agonists

A

pilocarpine
bethanechol

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20
Q

muscarinic drug antagonists

A

atropine
oxybutynin

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21
Q

nicotinic receptor agonist

A

acetylcholine
inc HR, BP

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22
Q

nicotinic drug agonists

A

nicotine

23
Q

nicotinic antagonist

A

neuromuscular blockade

24
Q

nicotinic drug antagonists

A

neuromuscular blockers (rocuronium)

25
Q

alpha-1 (mostly peripheral) agonist

A

epinephrine, NE
smooth muscle vasoconstriction, inc BP

26
Q

alpha-1 (mostly peripheral) drug agonist

A

phenylephrine
dopamine (dose-dependent)

27
Q

alpha-1 drug antagonists

A

alpha-1 blockers
doxazosin
carvedilol
phentolamine

28
Q

alpha-2 (mainly central) agonist

A

epinephrine, NE
dec E and NE release
dec BP, HR

29
Q

alpha-2 drug agonists

A

clonidine
brimonidine (opthalmic, for glaucoma)

30
Q

alpha-2 drug antagonists

A

ergot alkaloids
yohimbine

31
Q

beta-1 (mainly heart) agonist

A

epinephrine, NE
inc myocardial contractility, CO, HR

32
Q

beta-1 (mainly heart) drug agonists

A

dobutamine
isoproterenol
dopamine (dose-dependent)

33
Q

beta-1 drug antagonists

A

beta-1 selective blocker (metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, nebivolol etc
non-selective beta-blockers (propranolol, carvedilol, etc)

34
Q

beta-2 (mainly lungs) agonists

A

epinephrine
bronchodilation

35
Q

beta-2 drug agonists

A

albuterol
terbutaline
isoproterenol

36
Q

beta-2 drug antagonists

A

non-selective antagonists
(propranolol, carvedilol, etc.

37
Q

dopamine agonist

A

dopamine
renal, cardiac, and CNS effects

38
Q

dopamine drug agonists

A

Levodopa
pramipexole

39
Q

dopamine drug antagonists

A

first-generation antipsychotics (haloperidol)
metoclopramide

40
Q

serotonin agonsit

A

serotonin
platelet, GI, psychiatric effects

41
Q

serotonin drug agonists

A

triptan

42
Q

serotonin drug antagonists

A

ondansetron
second-generation antipsychotics (quetiapine, etc)

43
Q

enzymes

A

speed up reaction

44
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

inhibitor: examples: AChi - donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
inc ACh levels
used for Alzheimer’s

45
Q

ACE

A

convert Angio I to II (potent vasoconstrictor)
inhibitor examples: lisinopril, etc.
dec vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion
used to treat HTN, HF, kidney disease

46
Q

Catechol-O-methylltransferase (COMT)

A

breaks down levodopa
inhibit = inc COMT = less peripheral breakdown of levodopa
inhibitor example: entacapone
used for Parkinson’s

47
Q

cyclooxygenase (COX)

A

arachidonic acid to prostaglandins = inflammation and to thromboxane A2 = platelet aggregation
inhibitor examples: NSAIDs - ASA, ibuprofen
inhibitors

48
Q

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

breaks doen catecholamines (DA, NE, Epi, 5-HT)
inhibitor examples: phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid, selegiline, rasagiline, methylene blue, linezolid
block = inc catecholamines = treat depression
if inc too much = toxic (HTN crisis, SS)

49
Q

phosphodiesterase (PDE)

A

breakdown cGMP (smooth muscle relaxant)
inhibitor examples: sildenafil, tadalafil
competitively bind = inc cGMP = smooth muscle relaxation
used for ED

50
Q

vitamin K epixoide reductase

A

converts vit K to active form = produce clotting factors
inhibitor examples: warfarin
inhibit = dec production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
used to treat/prevent clots

51
Q

xanthine oxidase

A

breaks down hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid
inhibitor examples: allopurinol
dec uric acid production by inhibiting = prevent gout attacks

52
Q

MAOI interacts = HTN crisis, tachycardia, agitation, death

A

when combined with food/drugs that inc catecholamines
examples: bupropion, SNRIs, TCAs, stimulants, levodopa, linezolid, methylene blue, tyramine from food

53
Q

MAO interacts = serotonin syndrome (tremor, akathesia, clonus, hyperthermia, sweating)

A

other drugs that inc 5-HT
SSRI, SNRI, TCA, mirtazapine, trazodone, triptans, opioids, tramadol, buspirone, lithium, dextromethorphan, St. John’s wort

Naplex 2023 (21 decks)

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