Basic Science Concepts Flashcards
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheralnervous system
somatic and autonomic
somatic nervous system
voluntarily controls muscle movement
autonomic nervous system
involuntary control of bodily functions
neutrotransmitters
body’s chemical messengers (substrates/ligands)
acetylcholine (ACh)
main NT of somatic nervous system
binds to nicotinic receptors (Nn) inskeletal muscles
parasympathetic nervous system
“rest and digest”
Ach binds to muscarinic receptors = SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, and digestion)
sympathetic nervous system
“fight or flight”
Epi and NE to alpha-1, beta-1, beta-2
inc BP, HR, bronchodilation, pupil dilation, glucose production
dec salivation, urination, peristalsis
substrate
binds to receptors
endogenous or exogenous
agonist
binds to and activates a receptor
antagonist
binds to and blocks receptor
competitive inhibition
antagonist binds to same active site as endogenous substrate
non-competitive inhibition
antagonist binds to allosteric sites = change shape of active site
isoproterenol
mixed beta-1 and beta-2 agonist
used for bradycardia and causes bronchodilation
carvedilol
inhibits alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2
peripheral vasodilation and dec HR
can cause bronchoconstriction
vasopressors
stimulate multi receptors (like a-1 and b-1) to inc vasoconstriction, HR, BP
clonidine
centrally acting alpha-2 agonist = dec sympathetic output = dec BP and HR
muscarinic agonist
acetylcholine
inc SLUDD
muscarinic drug agonists
pilocarpine
bethanechol
muscarinic drug antagonists
atropine
oxybutynin
nicotinic receptor agonist
acetylcholine
inc HR, BP
nicotinic drug agonists
nicotine
nicotinic antagonist
neuromuscular blockade
nicotinic drug antagonists
neuromuscular blockers (rocuronium)
alpha-1 (mostly peripheral) agonist
epinephrine, NE
smooth muscle vasoconstriction, inc BP
alpha-1 (mostly peripheral) drug agonist
phenylephrine
dopamine (dose-dependent)
alpha-1 drug antagonists
alpha-1 blockers
doxazosin
carvedilol
phentolamine
alpha-2 (mainly central) agonist
epinephrine, NE
dec E and NE release
dec BP, HR
alpha-2 drug agonists
clonidine
brimonidine (opthalmic, for glaucoma)
alpha-2 drug antagonists
ergot alkaloids
yohimbine
beta-1 (mainly heart) agonist
epinephrine, NE
inc myocardial contractility, CO, HR
beta-1 (mainly heart) drug agonists
dobutamine
isoproterenol
dopamine (dose-dependent)
beta-1 drug antagonists
beta-1 selective blocker (metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol, nebivolol etc
non-selective beta-blockers (propranolol, carvedilol, etc)
beta-2 (mainly lungs) agonists
epinephrine
bronchodilation
beta-2 drug agonists
albuterol
terbutaline
isoproterenol
beta-2 drug antagonists
non-selective antagonists
(propranolol, carvedilol, etc.
dopamine agonist
dopamine
renal, cardiac, and CNS effects
dopamine drug agonists
Levodopa
pramipexole
dopamine drug antagonists
first-generation antipsychotics (haloperidol)
metoclopramide
serotonin agonsit
serotonin
platelet, GI, psychiatric effects
serotonin drug agonists
triptan
serotonin drug antagonists
ondansetron
second-generation antipsychotics (quetiapine, etc)
enzymes
speed up reaction
acetylcholinesterase
inhibitor: examples: AChi - donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
inc ACh levels
used for Alzheimer’s
ACE
convert Angio I to II (potent vasoconstrictor)
inhibitor examples: lisinopril, etc.
dec vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion
used to treat HTN, HF, kidney disease
Catechol-O-methylltransferase (COMT)
breaks down levodopa
inhibit = inc COMT = less peripheral breakdown of levodopa
inhibitor example: entacapone
used for Parkinson’s
cyclooxygenase (COX)
arachidonic acid to prostaglandins = inflammation and to thromboxane A2 = platelet aggregation
inhibitor examples: NSAIDs - ASA, ibuprofen
inhibitors
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
breaks doen catecholamines (DA, NE, Epi, 5-HT)
inhibitor examples: phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid, selegiline, rasagiline, methylene blue, linezolid
block = inc catecholamines = treat depression
if inc too much = toxic (HTN crisis, SS)
phosphodiesterase (PDE)
breakdown cGMP (smooth muscle relaxant)
inhibitor examples: sildenafil, tadalafil
competitively bind = inc cGMP = smooth muscle relaxation
used for ED
vitamin K epixoide reductase
converts vit K to active form = produce clotting factors
inhibitor examples: warfarin
inhibit = dec production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
used to treat/prevent clots
xanthine oxidase
breaks down hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid
inhibitor examples: allopurinol
dec uric acid production by inhibiting = prevent gout attacks
MAOI interacts = HTN crisis, tachycardia, agitation, death
when combined with food/drugs that inc catecholamines
examples: bupropion, SNRIs, TCAs, stimulants, levodopa, linezolid, methylene blue, tyramine from food
MAO interacts = serotonin syndrome (tremor, akathesia, clonus, hyperthermia, sweating)
other drugs that inc 5-HT
SSRI, SNRI, TCA, mirtazapine, trazodone, triptans, opioids, tramadol, buspirone, lithium, dextromethorphan, St. John’s wort
