Basic Science

Question 1

What ocular structures are formed from the surface ectoderm?

Answer 1

Lens
Lacrimal gland
Eyelids
Nasolacrimal gland
Conjunctival and corneal epithelium

Question 2

What ocular structures are derived from the neuroectoderm?

Answer 2

Neurosensory retina
Optic nerve
Pupillary sphincter and dilator muscles
Pigment epithelium of the retina, iris and ciliary body

Question 3

What ocular structures are derived from the neural crest?

Answer 3

Corneal endothelium
Trabecular meshwork
Sclera
Choroid
Ciliary muscle
Stroma of cornea iris and ciliary body

Question 4

Mesoderm

Answer 4

Extraocular muscles
Blood vessels
Sclera (temporal portion)
Schlemm’s canal endothelium

Question 5

List some autosomal dominant conditions which can affect the eyes/

Answer 5

Congenital cataracts
Best Disease
Marfans syndrome
Von Hippel Lindau
Tuberous sclerosis
Retinitis pigmentosa
Neurofibromatosis
Granular and lattice corneal dystrophies 
Retinoblastoma
Stickler syndrome
Fuchs's Corneal Dystrophy

Question 6

List some autosomal recessive conditions which can affect the eye:

Answer 6

Congenital Glaucoma
Stargardt disease
Oculocutaneous albinism
Retinitis pigmentosa-like conditions

Question 7

Give some examples of x-linked recessive conditions which affect the eye:

Answer 7

Fabry disease
Lowe Syndrome
Ocular albinism
Retinoschisis

Question 8

Give some examples of x-linked dominant conditions which will affect the eye?

Answer 8

Alport syndrome
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
Leber Hereditary optic neuropathy

Question 9

What are bacteria?

Answer 9

Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms that contain DNA and ribonucleic acid freely in the cytoplasm.

Question 10

What is the cell wall of a gram-positive bacteria made of?

Answer 10

Peptidoglycan which stains purple

Question 11

What is the cell wall of a gram negative bacteria made of?

Answer 11

Outer cell membrane - stains pink

Question 12

List the main characteristics of bacteria:

Answer 12

Cell wall 
Cell membrane
Flagella
Pili
Plasmids
Exo and endo toxins

Question 13

What is the purpose of the pili?

Answer 13

It transfers DNA between bacteria

Question 14

What feature of a bacterium is thought to be responsible for antibiotic resistance?

Answer 14

Plasmids

Question 15

List some examples of aerobic, gram positive cocci:

Answer 15

Staphylococcus aureus - coag +ve

Staphylococcus epidermidis coag -ve

Question 16

List some examples of anaerobic gram positive cocci:

Answer 16

Streptococcus (chains)

Question 17

List examples of aerobic gram negative cocci:

Answer 17

Neisseria gonorrhoea

Neisseria Meningitides

Question 18

List some examples of aerobic gram positive bacilli:

Answer 18

Bacillus Cereus (Spore forming)

Question 19

List some examples of anaerobic gram positive bacilli:

Answer 19

Clostridium - spore forming
Propionibacterium acne - non spore forming
Actinomyces israelii - filamentous

Question 20

List some examples of aerobic gram negative bacilli:

Answer 20

Haemophilus influenza

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Question 21

List some examples of anaerobic gram negative bacilli:

Answer 21

Campylobacter

Question 22

What is the name of an acid fast bacilli which is aerobic but does not allow a gram stain

Answer 22

Mycobacteria

Question 23

What test is used instead for mycobacteria?

Answer 23

Ziehl-Neilson Stain

Question 24

Give the name of the bacterium which is an obligate intracellular bacteria existing n the form of either their elementary or reticular bodies?

Answer 24

Chlamydia

Question 25

What are yeast's classified as?

Answer 25

Unicellular microorganisms

Question 26

What are the 3 classifications of fungi?

Answer 26

Yeasts Dimorphic Filamentous

Question 27

Give an example of a filamentous fungi?

Answer 27

Aspergillus | fusarium

Question 28

Give an example of a yeast:

Answer 28

Candida albicans

Question 29

Give an example of a dimorphic fungi:

Answer 29

Histoplasma capsulatum

Question 30

Give some examples of DNA viruses:

Answer 30

HSV Varicella-Zoster CMV EBV

Question 31

Give some examples of RNA viruses:

Answer 31

HIV Measles Mumps Rubella

Question 32

What antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis?

Answer 32

Penicillin Cephalosporin Vancomycin

Question 33

What medications work by inhibiting cell membrane function?

Answer 33

Antifungals e.g. imidazole's, amphotericin etc

Question 34

What medications work by inhibiting protein synthesis?

Answer 34

Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Erythromycin Chloramphenicol

Question 35

What medications work by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 35

Fluoroquinolones | metronidazole

Question 36

What molecules are responsible for the recruitment and proliferation of the innate and adaptive immune systems?

Answer 36

Cytokines

Question 37

Give some examples of cytokines:

Answer 37

Interleukins Tumour necrosis factor chemokines interferon

Question 38

What cells produce TNF?

Answer 38

Macrophages

Question 39

What is the role of IL-1?

Answer 39

Induces the immune response and causes fever

Question 40

What is the role of Il-2?

Answer 40

Proliferation of T and B cells

Question 41

What is the role of Il-5 ?

Answer 41

REgulates growth and activation of eosinophils

Question 42

What is the role of IL-6?

Answer 42

Involved in the differentiation of B cells and production of CRP

Question 43

What is the role of IL-8

Answer 43

Attracts neutrophils T cells basophils and eosinophils

Question 44

What is the role of Il-10

Answer 44

Suppresses immune cells

Question 45

What is the role of Il-12?

Answer 45

Differentiates T cells into TH1 and enhances cytotoxicity