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Derm > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is used to rank how much melanin pigment is produced by the skin

A

Fitzpatrick scale

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2
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 1 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Features: v pale white skin, blue/green eyes

Sunlight exposure: never tan, always burn

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3
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 2 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Features: pale white/fair skin

Sunlight exposure: rarely tans, burn easily

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4
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 3 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Features: darker white skin

Sunlight exposure: tans uniformly, burn turns to tan

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5
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 4 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Skin features: light brown skin

Sunlight Exposure: tans easily, burns minimally

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6
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 5 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Features: brown skin

Sunlight exposure: tans v easily, very rarely burns

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7
Q

Fitzpatrick scale

  • Skin type 6 features
  • Exposure to sunlight
A

Features: dark brown/black skin

Sunlight exposure: never burns

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8
Q

How many main layers of skin + name them (from superficial to deep)

A

3 main layers
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

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9
Q

Epidermis

  • type of epithelium it is made up of?
  • is it vascular or avascular
A
  • made up of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
  • completely avascular
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10
Q

How many layers in epidermis + name them (from deep to superficial)

A

4 or 5 depending on location

  1. Basal layer (Stratum basale)
  2. Prickle cell layer (Stratum spinosum)
  3. Granular cell layer (stratum granulosum)
  4. Keratin later (stratum corneum)

5th layer in palm of hands + soles of feet called the stratum lucidum (in between corneum and granulosum)

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11
Q

Hypodermis contents

A

Adipocytes
Nerves
Blood vessels

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12
Q

What is the pilosebaceous unit

A

Structure consisting of:
- the hair
- hair follicle
- arrector pilli muscle
- sebaceous gland

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13
Q

Normal hair cycle

  • how many phases
  • name the phases
A

3 phases
1. Anagen (growing)
2.Catagen (involuting)
3. Telogen (resting)

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14
Q

How long does anagen phase last

A

3-5 years

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15
Q

How long does involution phase last

A

2 weeks

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16
Q

How long does telogen phase last

A

3 months

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17
Q

What happens during telogen phase of hair growth

A

Hair remains in the follicle but doesn’t grow anymore

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18
Q

What rate does hair grow

A

1cm/month

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19
Q

3 types of skin glands

A
  • sebaceous glands
  • apocrine glands
  • eccrine glands
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20
Q

Eccrine glands
- what do they do
- where are they found
- what are they under control of

A
  • regulate body temp by secreting salty solution that evaporates on skin surface causing cooling
    -found on entire skin except lips and genitals (most commonly found on palms and soles)
  • sympathetic nervous system
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21
Q

Apocrine glands
- what do they do
- where do they develop

A
  • produce oily fluid that becomes colonised by anaerobic bacteria causing body odour
  • as part of pilosebaceous unit in axillary and perineal regions (nipples and genitals)
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22
Q

Sebaceous Glands
- where found
- what do they do
- what type of glands are they

A
  • all over body except palms, soles and dorsum of feet (mostly concentrated in face and scalp)
  • produce + secrete sebum to protect skin from dehydration + have antibacterial properties
  • holocrine glands
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23
Q

EMBRYO
What is the dermis derived from

A

The mesoderm

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24
Q

EMBRYO

What forms the dermis of the back

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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25
Q

EMBRYO
What forms the dermis of the face and neck

A

Neural crest cells

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26
Q

EMBRYO

What forms the dermis of the body wall and limbs (minus the face neck and back)

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

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27
Q

EMBRYO

What are Blaschko Lines

A

Lines that cover surface of body that represent natural migration of epidermal cells during embryological development

28
Q

EMBRYO

  • When does the epidermis develop during gestation?
  • What does it develop from?
  • What is it called at this time?
A
  • Near end of week 4
  • Develops from single layer of surface ectoderm
  • Called basal layer
29
Q

how do terminal parts of sweat ducts appear in histology

A

Helical structures

30
Q

When do apocrine glands develop and what do they open into

A

at puberty
open into hair follicles

31
Q

Function of arrector pili

A

Pull hair perpendicular to skin during cold/fright (goose bumps)

32
Q

Purpose of connective tissue in dermis

A

Provide tensile strength + elastic qualities of skin

33
Q

NERVOUS TISSUE

Meissner’s corpuscles

  • Where are they found
  • What are they for
A
  • Found just below epidermis in dermis + abundant in tactile areas of fingers and toes
  • Tactile sensation
34
Q

NERVOUS TISSUE

Pacinian corpuscles
- What are they for
- Where are they found

A
  • Deep pressure
  • Found deep in dermis, often seen in finger pulp sections
35
Q

NERVOUS TISSUE

Free Nerve Endings
- Where found
- What for

A
  • Basal layer of epidermis
  • Pain
36
Q

Hair structure

A
  • Central medulla
  • Cortex
  • Outer cuticle
  • Internal root sheath
  • External root sheath
  • Connective tissue sheath
37
Q

HAIR

Central medulla of hair follicle contains what

A

soft keratin

38
Q

HAIR

outer cortex and cuticle of hair follicle contains what

A

hard keratin

39
Q

Hair bulb
- Where is it found
- What does it contain

A
  • Found at base of follicle
  • Contains hair matrix + dermal papilla (Bulge at base)
40
Q

HAIR

Papilla contains

A

Multiple vascular channels

41
Q

HAIR

Matrix region contains

A

Keratin producing cells

42
Q

NAILS

Structure

A
  • Nail plate (Sits on nail bed)
  • Matrix (cells divide and then produce hard keratin)
  • Cuticle (extension of skin fold covering nail root)
  • Hyponychium (Secures free nail edge)
43
Q

What is primary intention wound healing

A

edges are approximated by stitches causing rapid healing

44
Q

What is secondary intention wound healing

A

3 stages of healing
1. Inflammation
2. Proliferation + Tissue remodelling
3.Tissue Remodelling

45
Q

Explain secondary intention healing stage 1

A
  • Platelets from initial clot + release inflam mediators
  • Leucocytes debride wound (they phagotise bacteria and capture debris)
  • Inflammation decreases as keratinocyte proliferation + new tissue formation becomes predominant
46
Q

Explain secondary intention healing stage 2

A
  • Cells divide to re-epitheliase wound surface
  • Granulation tissue formation is formulated
  • Firboblasts lay down matrix + contract wound (fibroplasia)
  • Endothelial cells develop into new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
47
Q

Explain secondary intention healing stage 3

A
  • New tissue is converted into mature scare tissue over months
  • Fibroblasts lay down collagen to improve the tensile strength of the scar + restore normal dermal matrix
48
Q

What are burns

A

Thermal injury to skin

49
Q

Classifications of burns

A

1st degree => Epidermis only
2nd degree/Partial thickness => epidermis + dermis
3rd degree/full thickness=> extends beyond dermis

50
Q

Deep burns presentation

A

White or black + charred
Dry + numb

51
Q

Superficial burn presentation

A

Erythematous
Wet
Extremely painful

52
Q

What is a chronic wound

A

Those present >6 weeks

53
Q

Common presentation of chronic wound

A

SURFACE SLOUGH
- Mixture of dead cells, polymorphs + bacteria that appears yellow/green
- Adherent to underlying tissue

54
Q

Does surface slough help or inhibit wound healing + what is done with it

A

Inhibits so should be removed chemically, physical or larval therapy

55
Q

Pressure sore development stages

A
  1. Skin is unbroken but has pink/redish area that could be tender, itchy or painful
  2. Skin is red, swollen + painful. Broken/intact blisters may be present. Upper layers of skin start to die
  3. Sore broken thru skin + wound extends down to deeper layers of skin tissue. Crater-like ulcers are present and wound is prone to infection
  4. Sore extends past skin into fat, muscle + bone tissue. Blackened dead tissue (eschar) can be seen in deep open wounds
56
Q

Which condition is spongiosis commonly seen in

A

acute dermatitis

57
Q

histological signs of psoriasis

A
  • parakeratosis (more purple nuclei seen keratin layer)
  • micro-abscesses (accumulation of inflammatory cells in upper epidermis
  • thicker + longer rete pegs
58
Q

SKIN functions

A
  • prevents water loss
  • Prevents entry of unwanted substances
  • Metabolism + detoxification
  • Immune defence
  • Sociosexual/Sensory functions
59
Q

Layers of dermis

A
  1. Papillary Dermis - superficial layer made up of highly vascular loose connective tissue
  2. reticular dermis - deep thick layer of dense connective tissue
60
Q

Components of dermis not done

A

Fibres - collagen (gives skin touch properties) + elastin (elastic properties)

Ground substance (

61
Q

Are blaschko lines visible

A

Normal population - no

Some conditions

62
Q

EMBRYO
- Walk me through epidermis development

A
  • week 4: single layer of cuboidal shaped basal layer develops from single layer surface of ectoderm
  • week 5: now a squamous non-keratinised layer of cuboidal cells called the periderm (or epitrichium) forms over the basal layer
  • second half of gestation: desquamitisation then casting of cells in periderm causing vernix caseosa to be formed
  • by 20 weeks gestation: remaining basal layer develops till it becomes stratum basale which proliferates + differentiates until epidermis splits into its 4 layers
63
Q

EMBRYO

What is vernis caseosa

A

Substance that coats the foetus to protect it from both amniotic fluid + bacteria within the birth canal as it descends during labour

64
Q
  • What is the dermoepidermal junction
  • What does the dermoepidermal junction do
A
  • semipermeable membrane that acts as a barrier to invading microorganisms
  • important in support, anchor, adhesion , growth and differentiation of basal cells
65
Q

Cells of epidermis

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Merkel Cells
  • Langerhans Cells

Derm (8 decks)

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