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Pedia > Basic Principles of Vaccination > Flashcards

Basic Principles of Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

Transfer of antibody produced by one human or an animal to another human

Temporary protection that wanes or disappears with time (usually within a few weeks or months)

A

Passive immunity

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2
Q

Passive immunity

sources of antibody

A

Transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies to infants

Blood products used for transfusion ((WB, RBC, Platelet, Convalescent Plasma)

Immune globulins derived from plasma of human donors or produced in animals (horse or equine-derived antibodies)

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3
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Maternal antibody

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4
Q

Protection produced by stimulation of the person’s own immune system

Usually permanent -> lasts for many years or lifetime

A

Active immunity

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5
Q

Sources of active immunity

A

Natural infection with the disease-causing form of organism

Artificial sources: vaccination

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6
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Follows infection

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7
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Transfer of antibodies across placenta

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8
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Injection of antibodies

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9
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Exposure to antigen

Vaccination

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10
Q

Live attenuated vaccines from

A

Viral

Bacterial

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11
Q

Inactivated vaccines

A

Whole (virus or bacteria)

Fractional (protein based, polysaccharide)

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12
Q

Live microbe weakene by growth conditions in lab or less virulent relative

A

Live attenuated

Ex
MMR
BCG

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13
Q

BCG is made up of

A

M bovis

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14
Q

Microbe killed or inactivated by chemicals, heat or radiation

A

Inactivated (killed)

Ex
Influenza, IPV, rabies, inactivated Hep A

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15
Q

1-20 parts of microbe that best stimulate immune response

A

Subunit

Ex
Hep B, HPV, Influenza, acellular pertussis

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16
Q

Principles of Vaccination #1

The more similar a vaccine is to the disease-causing form of organism, the better the immune response to vaccine

Immune response and memory produced very similar to natural infection

Usually produce immunity with ONE DOSE
(except vaccine given orally rotavirus)

Applies to

A

Live attenuated

MMR, VZV, Rotavirus, Oral polio and JE vaccine

Bacterial: BCG, oral cholera

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17
Q

Live attenuated vaccines advantages

A

Mimic natural infection
Highly immunogenic
Provide long-lasting protection
Single dose often sufficient

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18
Q

Live attenuated vaccines disadvantages

A

Severe reactions possible - if they revert to virulence

Interference from circulating antibody

Fragile - must be stored and handled carefully (exposure to heat or light result in poor response)

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19
Q

Live attenuated vaccines in RHUs

A

BCG
OPV
MMR

Rota
JE
Varicella

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20
Q

Composed of killed microorganisms of inactivated components

Cannot replicate

Less interference from circulating antibody than live vaccine

Always require multiple doses (booster)

Immune response mostly HUMORAL

Antibody titer diminishes with time

May require periodic supplemental doses to “boost” antibody titers

A

Inactivated vaccines

21
Q

Inactivated Whole Cell Vaccine

A

Viral: polio (IPV), hepatitis A, rabies, influenza

Bacterial: pertussis, typhoid, cholera

22
Q

Inactivated Fractional Vaccine (protein based)

A

Subunit: hep B, influenza, acellular pertussis, HPV

Toxoid: diptheria, tetanus

23
Q

Unique type of inactivated subunit vaccine composed of long chains of sugar molecules that make up the surface capsule of certain bacteria

A

Polysaccharide vaccines

24
Q

Not immunogenic in children <2 years of age
No booster response
Antibody has less functional activity (mostly IgM)
Immunogenecity improved by

A

Pure polysaccharide vaccines

Conjugation

25
Q

Vaccine is chemically combined with protein molecule

A

Conjugation

26
Q

Antibody response of short duration, no memory and no affinity maturation

No response in young infants (<18 months)

A

Free polysaccharide vaccine

27
Q

Antibody response of long duration, memory and affinity maturation
Protective response in young infants (>2 months)

Able to produce T cell response

A

Conjugated Polysaccharide vaccine

28
Q

Inactivated fractional

Pure Polysaccharide Vaccines

A

Pneumococcal PPSV23
Meninggococcal
Samonella typhi (Vi)

29
Q

Inactivated Fractional

Conjugated Polysaccharide Vaccines

A

Hib
Pneumococcal
Meningococcal

30
Q

Inactivated vaccines advantages

A

Less reactogenic
No risk for causing disease
Less interference from circulating antibody
Often more stable to heat

31
Q

Inactivated vaccine disadvantages

A

Often less effecfive than live-attenuated
Generally require 3-5 doses for long term protection
Antibody titer diminishes with time

32
Q

Inactivated vaccines in RHUs

A

Hep 5
Pentavalent vaccine
IPV
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

33
Q

Principle #2

All vaccines can be administered simultaneously at same visit but at different sites following the minimum age requirement.

EXCEPT

A

PCV 13 and MCV4-D (Menactra)

PCV13 and PPSV23

34
Q

PCV13 and MCV4-D (Menactra) should be given separately by

A

4 weeks

35
Q

PCV 13 and PPSV23 Polysaccharide should be given separately by

A

8 weeks

36
Q

Simultaneous administration of vaccines:

A

Increases the probability that a child will be fully immunized at the appropriate age

If possible, use licensed combination vaccines to reduce the number of injections

Use separate syringes and separate sites

37
Q

What is the best timing for non-simultaneous administration of different vaccines?

Principle #3

For two or more, live parenteral vaccines the minimum interval between doses is

A

4 weeks

38
Q

All other vaccine combinations non-live parenteral could be given

A

simultaneously or at any interval between doses

39
Q

Live oral vaccines like

OPV, Rota, Ty21a typhoid vaccine can be administered

A

simultaneously or at any interval before or after inactivated or live parenteral vaccine

40
Q

What is the interval between antibody containing blood products and vaccines?

Principle #4

Inactivated vaccines generally are not affected by circulating antibody to the antigen

Inactivated vaccines can be administered

A

Before, after or at the same time as the antibody

Simultaneous administration of antibody (immune gobulin) and vaccine recommendation for postexposure prophylaxis of certain diseases

eg Hep B, rabies, tetanus

41
Q

May be affected by circulating antibody to the antigen

A

Live parenteral vaccines - they may replicate

42
Q

Interval between antibody and measles and varicella containing vaccines

If live vaccine given first

A

Wait 2 weeks before giving antibody

43
Q

In measles and VZV vaccines, if antibody is given first

A

Wait 3 months or longer before giving the vaccine

44
Q

Washed RBC interval

A

0 months

45
Q

Hepatitis A IG interval

A

3 months

46
Q

Measles prophylaxis IG

(Immunocompetent recipient) interval

A

6 months

47
Q

Plasma/platelet product interval

A

7 months

48
Q

Intravenous immune globulin IVIG interval

A

7-11 months

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