Basic Principles and Boring Stuff Flashcards
Anatomic Pathology
Histopathology
Clinical Pathology 6
Serology Microbiology Clinical Chemistry Hematology Clinical Microscopy Blood Bank
Concerned with the analysis of biochemical byproducts in biological fluids
Clinical Chemistry Laboratory
Pure Blood Chemistry
Lipids, Carbohydrates and Protein
Enzymology
Enzymes
Endocrinology
Hormones
Toxicology
Drugs of abuse, Heavy metals, Poison, etc.
Units of Measure: Components of quantitative laboratory results 2
Number
Unit (based on the SI system)
Quantitative laboratory results
2
1 Substance concentration
e.g, moles
2 Mass of substance
e.g., mg/dL, g/dL, g/L, mEq/L, and IU
Reagents 3
Chemicals
Reference Materials
Water Specifications
Chemicals 5
Analytical Grade (AR)
Ultrapure Reagent
Chemically pure (CP)
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF) Grade
Technical or commercial grade
Suitable for most analytic procedures
Carry designations as AR or ACS and For Laboratory Use or ACS standard-Grade Reference materials
ANALYTICAL GRADE (AR)
Suitable for techniques that require extremely pure chemicals (e.g. AAS, EIA, MDx)
Carry designations of HPLC or chromatographic
Ultrapure chemicals
Impurity limitations are not stated
Preparation is not uniform
Not recommended for clinical laboratories.
Chemically pure (CP)
Used to manufacture drugs
Purity standards are based on the criterion of not being injurious to man.
USP and NF Grade
Reference Materials 2
1Primary standard
Substance of exact known concentration and purity.
2Secondary standard
Substance of lower purity with concentration determined by comparison with a primary standard.
Substance of exact known concentration and purity.
Primary standard
Substance of lower purity with concentration determined by comparison with a primary standard.
Secondary standard
Water Specifications 5
Distilled water Deionized water Reverse Osmosis (RO) water Ultrafiltration and nanofiltered water Reagent grade water
Obtained by initial filter, followed by RO, deionization and a 0.2 mm filter.
Reagent grade water
For test methods requiring minimum interference
trace metal analysis by FES and AAS
Gas, pH, enzyme and electrolyte analysis
Type I water
For analytical preparations
reagent, QC and standard preparation
Type II water
Glassware washing
Type III/autoclave wash water
Warming components is necessary for analytical procedures and is accomplished by circulating water/ice baths or heating/cooling metal blocks.
Thermometers/Temperature
Thermometers/Temperature 3
Liquid-in-glass
Electronic thermometer or thermistor probe
Digital thermometer
Use of a colored liquid or mercury encased in plastic/glass material with a bulb at one end a graduated stem
Liquid-in-glass
Partial Immersion (with bulb)
Total Immersion
Surface thermometer – for incubators or heating oven
Fast reading with millisecond response time
Electronic thermometer or thermistor probe
Glassware 6
Kimax® /Pyrex® (borosilicate) Corex® (aluminosilicate) High silica Vycor® (acid or alkali resistant) Low actinic (amber colored) Flint glass (lime soda)
Plastic ware – are usually disposable lab supplies
6 Example of commonly used resins:
Polystyrene Polyethylene Polypropylene Tygon® Telon®
Laboratory vessels 3 3
Pipets
Burets
Syringes
Class A volumetric flask
Erlenmeyer flasks and Griffin beaker
Graduated cylinder
Calibrated to hold one exact of liquid (TC)
Class A volumetric flask
Hold different volume
Used in reagent preparation
Erlenmeyer flasks and Griffin beaker
Used to measure volumes of liquid
Graduated Cylinder
Glass or plastic utensils used to transfer liquids
Pipets
Classification of Pipet According to Design or Calibration Marks
2
To contain (TC) To deliver (TD)
Used for viscous samples
Uses mercury as calibrating medium
Proper use requires rinsing of the pipet with the final solution after content are delivered into the diluent (rinsing technique)
To contain (TC)
Used for non-viscous samples
Uses distilled water as calibrating medium
To Deliver (TD)
with etched ring or two small, close continuous ring. The last drop of fluid need to be blown
Blowout pipet
without marking. Drains completely.
Self-draining
Classification of Pipet According to Use 4
Measuring or graduated pipets
Volumetric or Transfer pipet
Mechanical or Automatic pipet
Micro pipet
Graduated uniformly along its length
Designed to deliver any amount within its capacity
Measuring or graduated pipets
Has graduation marks to the tip
Generally a blowout pipet
Serolic pipet
No graduation marks to the tip
Self draining
Mohr Pipet
Designed to transfer one volume
Transfer pipet
For viscous fluids (blow out pipet)
Ostwald-Folin pipet
For aqueous solutions (self draining)
Volumetric pipet
No calibration marks
For transferring fluids without consideration of a specific volume
Pasteur pipets
Automatic pipets 2
Micropet – deliver amount 1ml
Macropipet – deliver amount >1ml
The piston moves in the tip and comes in contact with the liquid
Positive displacement
The piston does not come in contact the liquid
Air displacement
Used to transfer small volumes in blood gas analysis, chromatography or electrophoresis
Syringes
Uses hygroscopic substance that take up water/moisture on exposure to air.
Desiccators and Desiccants
Balances
2
Electronic Top-loading balance
Analytical Balance
used for knowing the mass of the test sample with greater quantity.
Used for preparative experiments
Electronic Top-loading balance
for preparation of primary standards
With sliding transparent doors
Measure exact mass but with lower capacities (operating ranges 0.01 mg to 160 g)
Analytical balance
a process in which a centrifugal force is used to separate solid matter from a liquid suspension.
Consist of head/rotor (attached to the shaft of the motor), carrier and shields.
Centrifugation
The speed/centrifugal force is expressed by:
2
Revolution per minute (RPM)
Relative centrifugal force (RCF) or gravities (g)
Paper, cellulose, polyester fibers and column materials
Filtration
