Basic Physics Ch. 2 TEST 1 Flashcards
What are the three basic units?
Time (the second)
Length (the meter)
Mass/Weight (amount of matter)
What are the four forces?
Remember to know this forces in the correct order, each force in the correct order, is many magnitudes of times stronger than the preceding force.
Gravity- attacks all forms of matter together
Weak Nuclear Force- responsible for radioactivity in nuclei of atoms
Electromagnetism- behavior of all magnets and electrical charges
Strong Nuclear Force- Holds protons and neutrons within the nucleus of atoms Electromagnetism
Stronger the force, the ____ the particles affected.
Is gravity strong?
- Smaller
- No gravity is weak! (Weakest of the four fundamental forces of nature)
Huge amounts of mass are required in order to “feel it”
What is Energy?
The ability to change the motion or state of an object; the ability to do work
What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another
What is a transducer?
Any decide that can convert one form of energy to another
Name the six forms of energy:
Chemical
Electrical
Thermal
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
Mechanical (motion)
What is mechanical energy further divided into?
What’s an important thing to remember about this?
Kinetic (motion) and Potential (position)
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy must ALWAYS be the same!
(Actually, I am not sure this is correct, Fishers slide maybe wrong)
What are the 3 familiar states of matter?
(Describe Each)
Solids - Definite Shape and Volume
Liquids - Indefinite Shape / Definite Volume
Gas - Indefinite Shape and Volume
Can be compressed or expanded so they can take on the shape and volume of a container
The 3 familiar states of matter can be defined by answering whether they have a ____ , ____ and ____ ?
- definite unchanging shape
- whether they take up a definite
- unchanging volume
Derived Units:
Units with multiple bases
- A unit of measurement that’s created by combining base units using an algebraic equation example: Density kg/m^3
Joule:
KVP:
- Basic unit of energy
- Kilovoltage Peak is the maximum voltage applied to an X-ray tube to produce X-rays
Rest Energy:
- The energy released if any particle is “annihilated” or changed into pure energy, discounting any speed or motion it had.
- Energy an object possesses when it is at rest, directly related to its mass
What is Quantum Physics?
The study of all relationships and interactions between atoms and waves of radiation.
- A single x-ray or light ray is called quantum (quanta for plural) or a photon
Space is measured in:
Length
Every ___ has an energy equivalent and every __ has a mass equivalent measured in_____.
Mass
Energy
Grams
Although energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can change ____ . One form it can take is, ___ shown by Einstein equation ___
Form
Matter
E=m(c^2)
When an electron drops down from a “shell” to lower orbit closer to the nucleus, its ____ is converted into ____ in the form of a light wave or x ray.
- Positional potential energy
- Electromagnetic potential energy
A single x ray or light ray is called ____ or a photo
Quantum
Pascals Law states:
In an enclosed liquid system, any pressure applied to the liquid will be transmitted undiminished throughout the system (because liquid will not compress)
Gases can be compressed or expanded, so they take on the shape and volume of their container.
True or False?
TRUE
Can liquids be compressed or expanded, to take on the shape of their container?
- No. Liquids cannot be compressed or expanded!
- Although they do take on the shape of their container, but they strongly resist being compressed (or expanded) in order to preserve their volume
Melting:
Solid to liquid
Freezing:
Liquid to solid
Condensation:
Gas to liquid
What is Evaporation:
Liquid to gas
Fluids are:
Anything that flows, and include liquids and gases
Heat is defined as:
the flow of internal energy from one molecule or object to another
Internal energy has two components:
Kinetic energy in the form of its ____
Potential energy in the form of its ____
Temperature
State
What is convection?
Stirring hot fluid into cooler fluid
What is radiation?
Electromagnetic waves conveying energy from one object or substance to another
Conduction:
Strongly vibrating molecules of the hot object frequency “bump into” those of cooler objects, causing them to jostle about, raising their kinetic energy
Google Definition:
the transfer of heat or electricity through direct contact between matter
Thermal Conductors and Thermal Insulators:
- Transmits heat readily
- Transmit heat poorly
Gravity does what?
attacks all forms of matter together
Weak Nuclear Force is responsible for:
responsible for radioactivity in nuclei of atoms
Electromagnetism is the:
behavior of all magnets and electrical charges
Strong Nuclear Force holds:
Protons and neutrons within the nucleus of atoms Electromagnetism
A single x-ray or light ray is called
______ or a photon
quantum (quanta for plural)
Time:
The second, is now based on _____
The number of times a cesium atom vibrates
Length:
The meter, now based on_____
The distance light travels in 0.0000033
Mass is an amount of ____, not an amount of weight.
Mass is measured in kilograms!
What is the difference between mass and weight?
- Matter
- Location
Mass is the amount of matter in an object and is a constant value, while weight is the force of gravity acting on that object
Are the standard units universal?
Space is measured in ____
- Yes!
- Length
One centimeter is about the width of ____
your smallest finger nail
One millimeter is about the diameter of a ___
pinhead
Review:
Common Conversions in other physics folder!!
and
Prefixes, Abbreviations, and Magnitudes in other physics folder!
The unit Angstrom, Å, is __ or ___ of a meter, especially suited for x ray and atoms.
10-10
or
ten-billionth
The wavelength of medical x rays range from ___ - ___ Å
0.1-0.5 Å
- This is 10-50 billionths the size of a pinhead!
A single typical atom is about ___ in diameter.
1 Angstrom Å
Explain The Inverse Square Law:
- Most forces and all types of radiation follow the inverse square law because they spread out evenly in all directions
- Law of areas
- Radiation spreads out from a central point according to the square of the increasing distance.
- As distance increases, the amount of radiation decreases
In science, an inverse-square law is
Any scientific law stating that the observed “intensity” of a specified physical quantity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity
Kinetic Energy is Energy of_____
Potential Energy is Energy of _____
- Motion, possessed as all matter in motion: a moving automobile
- Position (stored)
Your potential energy can be ____ then your kinetic energy.
Greater
How do Newtons laws relate to x ray production?
Particularly Newton second law (F=ma)
- explains how the acceleration of electrons in an x-ray tube, due to high voltage applied across the cathode and anode, results and x-rays
Matter is anything that….
Occupies space
What type of energy is used in x ray imaging?
Electromagnetic Energy
Energy emitted and transferred through space is called:
Radiation
Radiation is the ____ of energy.
Transfer
What is ionization?
the removal of an electron from an atom
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, meaning it’s the energy an object possesses due to its movement, while potential energy is stored energy that an object has due to its position or configuration, ready to be released as kinetic energy when conditions change
- Kinetic: “Energy in Motion”
- Potential: “Stored Energy” “Position”
How does kinetic and potential energy relate?
- Potential energy can be transformed into kinetic energy when an object starts moving, and vice versa
- They can be converted back and forth depending on the situation, like when a ball is thrown upwards, its kinetic energy turns into potential energy at the peak of its flight, then back into kinetic energy as it falls down
