Atomic Structure Ch. 3- Test 2 Flashcards
What is an element?
All units (atoms) of an element share specific chemical behaviors.
A substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance
(only one kind of element)
What is an atom?
The smallest single unit of an element, retaining all of its chemical behaviors
Chemical Behavior describes:
how elements interact with each other during chemical reactions
ALL matter is composed of ____
Atoms!
What three subatomic particles are atoms composed of? (within the nucleus)
- Protons or Atomic Number (Positively Charged)
(Top right # on periodic table) - Electrons smaller then protons, that zoom around protons making an electron cloud
(Negatively Charged, much smaller in mass then proton and neutrons) - Neutrons (Uncharged)
Rutherford introduced the nuclear model, which described the atom as……
containing a small, dense, positively charged center surrounded by a negative cloud of electrons.
He called the center of the atom the Nucleus!
Niels Bohr showed, that the electrons…
could only exit at certain energy levels, in prescribed “orbits” or energy levels, at set distances from the nucleus
The atom is essentially ___
empty space
One unit of charge is a___
Coulomb (C)
Atoms in their normal state are ___ because of the number of electrons = # of protons.
Neutral
A positively charged atom has ____ protons than electrons.
More
A negatively charge atom has
____ protons than electrons
fewer
In physics “A” number represents:
On a Periodic Table: Top number on the left
the mass number (total number of protons and neutrons in an atom)
In physics, “Z” number represents:
On a Periodic Table: Bottom number on the left
the atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus)
If the atom is neutral in charge, how can you determine the number of electrons?
Look at the periodic table!
(Add “A” and “Z” numbers together)
- Mass Number
- Atomic Number
How many electron shells are there?
7!
Physicists call the shell number n the ____
principal quantum number
How many kinds of atoms are there?
118, which are the smallest part of an element
All elements have the same number of ___ and ____
protons and electrons
___ behavior is the making or breaking of physical connections between atoms in which they “share” components (electrons)
Chemical
Are electrons particles, or waves?
they are considered to be both waves and particles, but behave like waves in most experiments
What type of experiment was used to describe if light, x-rays, and electrons are particles or waves?
Double-Slit Experiment
Or
(Two-Slit)
The ____ happens when an orbital electron absorbs all of the energy of a light (a photon) and is ejected from the atom.
Photoelectric Effect!
Who is responsible for finding/explaining photoelectric emission, the photoconductive effect, and the photovoltaic effect?
Albert Einstein
the ___ states that electrical voltage is generated between some materials as long as light is striking them.
Photovoltaic Effect
The ___ states that certain metal plates are better able to conduct electricity, as long as light is striking them.
Photoconductive Effect
____ states that as long as light is striking the certain metals, electrons will be emitted from their surface.
Photoelectric Emission
Are conveniently x ray images, positive or negative images?
Negative!
A ___ image has light details against a dark background.
Negative
A ___ image has dark details against a light background.
Positive
____ is the different ratios of absorption and transmission characteristics of each different tissue in the body.
Differently Absorption
What makes radiographic imaging possible?
Partial absorption of some of the intensity or quantity of x rays within an x ray beam.
Where denser tissues absorb more X-rays than softer tissues, creating a varying intensity pattern that is captured on a detector, allowing for visualization of internal structures on an image when the radiation is processed and displayed; essentially, different tissue densities create varying levels of “shadows” on the image based on how much radiation they absorbed
Attenuation:
- the reduction in intensity of an X-ray beam as it passes through matter
- the gradual loss of power or intensity as it passes through a medium or component
Transmission:
means passing completely through of light, without any loss of energy or intensity.
Absorption is:
The complete stoppage of light penetration
___ is the random refraction or reflection of light, destructive to any image/signal it might be carrying.
diffusion / scattering
___ is the orderly spitting of white light through a prism into its several color.
Dispersion
___ is the orderly spitting of white light through a prism into its several color.
Dispersion
____ is the bending of light as it passes through an interface between two materials.
Refraction
What kind of wave is visible light?
Electromagnetic Waves, which are an example of Double Transverse Waves
What kind of wave is visible light?
Electromagnetic Waves, which are an example of Double Transverse Waves
What are the three major components of a laser?
- A medium (provides stimulation for the atom)
- A power/pumping source
- A resonant cavity (amplifies and synchronizes the light wave)
What does “laser” stand for?
Light amplifications by stimulated emission of radiation.
Why must gel be used during a sonography exam?
to avoid any gas/air pockets between the transducer and the skin, which can completely scatter and diffuse the sound waves coming out of the transducer.
Similar to light, sound waves follow basic laws of reflection and refraction. True or False?
True!
How is an MRI Scan completed, at an electromagnetic level?
Which one uses “gamma rays”?
- DR & CR
- CR Readers
- CT
- Nuclear Medicine
- Radiation Therapy
- MRI
- Sonography
- Lesser surgery
- laser readers
Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Therapy
Which ones uses “light waves”?
- DR & CR
- CR Readers
- CT
- Nuclear Medicine
- Radiation Therapy
- MRI
- Sonography
- Lesser surgery
- laser readers
CR Readers
Lesser Surgery
Laser Resders
Which one uses “x-rays”?
DR & CR
CT
Ultraviolet has energies below or above visible light?
Above!
Infrared has energies below or above visible light?
Below!
How do microwaves heat your food?
How do microwaves heat your food?
What does “RADAR” stand for?
Radio Detection and Ranging
In wavelength, x-rays form from… how many angstroms?
1 Angstrom
Or
1/10-1/2 ???
X rays used for medical diagnosis range from, how many volts?
20 to 150 kilovolts (kV)
Or
25,000 - 150,000 ???
If a radiation wave encounters an object and its frequency differs from the object, what happens?
It will penetrate through it
Or
The wave is primarily reflected or transmitted, with minimal absorption???
If a radiation wave encounters an object, and its frequency matches the object; what happens?
The object will significantly absorb the energy from the wave
____ is tipically the natural frequency in which all structures, molecules, atoms, and even subatomic particles are “tuned”.
Resonance
Google: a phenomenon where an object or system vibrates with a significantly larger amplitude when subjected to an external force that matches its natural frequency of vibration; essentially, an object starts to vibrate more intensely when it is pushed at its “preferred” frequency, like a swing being pushed at the right time to reach a larger swing arc.
At different energy levels, how are the radiations distinguished in the electromagnetic spectrum?
how they react with molecules and particles
A ____ describes anything that can be measured in an orderly, continuous progression of a minute degree, or a board range of values.
Spectrum
Google Definition:
the range of frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
Radio waves, x-rays, and all other kinds of electromagnetic waves are _______ waves, of the ______ type, consisting of a magnetic wave that runs perpendicular to a wave in the electrical field
double, transverse
each electron and proton has ______, a type of movement that generates a magnetic field around the particle, even when it is sitting still
Spin
What is the formula for finding the kilovoltage or the wavelength of an x-ray from each other?
if you were to rewrite Planck’s formula for the relationship between energy and wavelength, it would be….?
What is Planck’s constant “h”, for joules per second?
6.62 x 10⁻³⁴ joule-second
Write Planck’s formula, Electromagnetic Wave Formula, Wave Formula on the formula sheet!
The ______ formula states:
the energy in atomic shells is found only in certain predictable amounts, each with an associated wavelength and frequency.
this formula shows that quanta (electromagnetic radiation) energy is directly proportional to its frequency
Planck’s Equation!
What is the speed of light?
3 x 10⁸ m/s
Or
Approximately 186,000 miles/sec
______ waves include radio & TV waves, radar, microwaves, infrared lights, visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays.
They always travel the same speed in a vacuum!
Electromagnetic Waves
For a given fixed speed;
What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?
Inversely Proportional
For a given fixed frequency;
What is the relationship between speed and wavelength?
Directly proportional
For a given fixed wavelength;
What is the relationship between speed and frequency?
Directly proportional
A _______ is one completion of the waveform (before it repeats itself). each one consists of two pulses, one positive and one negative
Cycle
(wave characteristics)
______ is the number of cycles (waves) that pass by a given point each second. the unit is the Hertz
Frequency
(wavelength measurement)
How are compressional waves measured?
By determining their wavelength, which is the distance between two consecutive compressions (or rarefactions) in the wave; essentially, measuring the distance from one point of high pressure to the next point of high pressure in the wave propagation direction
(wavelength measurement)
How are transverse waves measured?
crest to crest (left)
beginning to beginning (right)
The ______ of a wave is measured between two like points along the waveform.
Wavelength
t/f. Amplitude follows the inverse square law
False ???
_______ is the maximum displacement of the medium, associated with how “strong” the waves are measured from where the medium would be undisturbed.
ex: the power and energy that large water waves have
Amplitude
What are the 4 characteristics of all waves?
wave speed
amplitude
wavelength
frequency
A _______ wave is the displacement of the medium & is parallel to the direction of wave travel
ex: sound waves
Longitudinal / Compressional Wave
A _____ wave is the displacement of the medium & is perpendicular to the direction of wave travel
ex: water waves
Transverse Wave
A ______ is a disturbance in any medium (such as water) that transports energy from one place to another without causing any permanent change in the medium
Wave!
Physical Structure of Atoms:
Each shell or orbit can be brown. Down into its various _____
sub orbitals
The smallest number on the periodic table is the _____
Atomic Number! (number of protons)
The smallest number on the periodic table is the _____
Atomic Number! (number of protons)
The bigger number on the periodic table is the ____
Atomic Mass!
The electrons within an atom can only exist at certain _____
Energy Levels!
The number and distribution of electrons in the atom determines the _____
Chemical Properties or Behaviors of the atom!
The number and configuration of neutrons and proteins in the nucleus determines the ______
Stability of the atom and its electron configuration
Properties of Atomic Particles:
Proton - +1
Neutron - 0
Electron - -1
Each proton and each electron carries ____ unit of charge.
One!
A proton carries one unit of positive charge (+1)
A electron carries one unit of negative charge (-1)
One unit of charge is ____ .
What is the SI unit of electric charge?
- 1.6 x 10^19 Coulomb
- Coulomb
Is an ampere a SI unit of electric charge?
Yes!
In summary, the Bohr atom is pictured as a dense, massive nucleus, made of both ___ and ___, comprising some 99.9% of the total mass of the atom, with extremely small, lightweight electrons buzzing about in “ _____” at a considerable distance.
- Protons and Neutrons
- “Orbits”
A photon that has energy of approximately 1 eV is mostly likely:
An x ray
When the EM spectrum is considered, photons of a radio broadcast have relatively:
a.) High energy and long wavelengths.
b.) High energy and short wavelengths.
c.) High frequency and low energy.
d.) Low energy and long wavelengths.
e.) Low energy and short wavelengths.
d.) Low energy and long wavelengths.
When white light is refracted through a prism, the following colors are emitted.
Which has the longest wavelength?
a.) Blue
b.) Orange
c.) Red
d.) Ultraviolet
e.) Yellow
Red
Invisible photons on the long-wavelength side of the visible-light spectrum can create a problem in the darkroom. Which of the following types of light are these photons likely to be?
a.) Green light
b.) Infrared light
c.) Laser light
d.) Maser light
e.) Ultraviolet light
b.) Infrared light
The principal difference between x-rays and gamma rays is their:
a.) Energy
b.) Frequency
c.) Origin
d.) Velocity
e.) Wavelength
c) Origin
Radiation emitted from a standard radio broadcast antenna:
a.) Has a higher frequency than gamma rays.
b.) Has a higher frequency than microwaves.
c.) Has relatively high energy.
d.) Is EM radiation.
e.) Is sound.
d.) Is EM radiation.
For any EM radiation:
a.) An increase in frequency results in an increase in energy.
b.) An increase in velocity results in an increase in energy.
c.) An increase in velocity results in an increase in frequency.
d.) An increase in wavelength results in an increase in energy.
e.) An increase in wavelength results in higher frequency.
a.) An increase in frequency results in an increase in energy.
What does velocity mean?
How fast something is moving or the rate of change of position over time
What does acceleration mean?
The rate of change in velocity over time
If velocity is constant, then acceleration is ____
Zero!
A photon that has energy of approximately 1 eV is mostly likely:
An x ray
Does there have to be a change in velocity? (Speed up or Speed Down)
Yes!
EM Radiation:
a.) Exists at zero velocity.
b.) Exists only if its velocity is 3 x 10*8 m/s
c.) Has energy represented by amplitude.
d.) Has mass that increases with increasing velocity.
e.) Is usually shown as a square wave.
b.) Exists only if its velocity is 3 x 10*8 m/s.
If an x-ray imaging system is operated at 40 kVp, then:
a.) 20 keV x-rays are emitted.
b.) All x-rays are emitted at 40 keV.
c.) Non-ionizing x-rays are emitted.
d.) X-rays up to 80 keV are emitted.
e.) Zero-energy x-rays are emitted.
a.) 20 keV x-rays are emitted.
A photon of red light:
a.) Comes from a nucleus.
b.) Has a higher frequency than an x-ray
c.) Has a longer wavelength than a photon of green light.
d.) Has more energy than blue light.
e.) Has the same energy as microwaves.
c.) Has a longer wavelength than a photon of green light.
Which of the following characteristics is the same for both ultraviolet radiation and microwaves?
a.) Amplitude
b.) Energy
c.) Frequency
d.) Velocity
e.) Wavelength
d.) Velocity
Visible light cannot be:
a.) Absorbed
b.) Diffracted
c.) Reflected
d.) Refracted
e.) Weighed
Weighed
X-rays can be:
a.) Attenuated
b.) Compacted
c.) Ionized
d.) Subdivided
e.) Weighed
a.) Attenuated (the gradual decrease in intensity)
The EM spectrum includes:
a.) Particulate radiation at the speed of light.
b.) Radiation described by the following formula: Wavelength=Frequency x Velocity.
c.) Radiation with physical properties determined by mass.
d.) X-rays and radar with the speed of light in a vacuum.
e.) X-rays, gamma rays, electrons, and neutrons that are used in medicine.
d.) X-rays and radar with the speed of light in a vacuum.
Which of the following types of radiation would be classified as EM?
a.) 5 MHz therapeutic ultrasound
b.) 30 m radio broadcast
c.) 1000 Hz sound
d.) Beta radiation
e.) Heat convected from a radiator
b.) 30 m radio broadcast
Which of the following is an example of EM radiation?
a.) Alpha rays
b.) Diagnostic ultrasound
c.) Positrons
d.) Protons
e.) Ultraviolet light
e.) Ultraviolet light
Which of the following is NOT an example of EM radiation?
a.) Gamma rays
b.) Grenz rays
c.) Laser radiation
d.) Star light
e.) Ultrasonic diathermy
e.) Ultrasonic diathermy
X-ray wavelength is:
a.) Directly proportional to frequency.
b.) Directly proportional to velocity.
c.) Inversely proportional to frequency.
d.) Inversely proportional to velocity.
e.) Usually designated by “c”.
c.) Inversely proportional to frequency.
A single unit of electromagnetic radiation is also called a/an:
Photon
Light has a constant velocity of C = 3 x 10(8) m/s. Therefore:
a.) Its energy increases with increasing wavelength.
b.) Its frequency decreases with increasing wavelength.
c.) Its mass increases with increasing frequency.
d.) Its velocity is also 3 x 10(12) cm/s.
e.) Its velocity is also 3 x 10(12) mm/s
b.) Its frequency decreases with increasing wavelength.
The frequency of electromagnetic radiation is:
a.) Measured in disintegrations per second.
b.) Measured in Hertz.
c.) Measured in meters per second.
d.) Proportional to the wavelength.
e.) Proportional to velocity.
Measured in Hertz.
Which of the following has a constant value for all electromagnetic radiation?
a.) Frequency
b.) Mass
c.) Origin
d.) Velocity
e.) Wavelength
d.) Velocity
The velocity of light is:
a.) 3 x 10(8) cm/s
b.) 3 x 10(10) cm/s
c.) 3 x 10(12) cm/s
d.) 3.7 x 10(10) m/s
e.) 3.7 x 10(8) m/s
a.) 3 x 10(8) cm/s
The amplitude of a sine wave is its:
a.) Frequency
b.) Minimum to maximum
c.) Velocity
d.) Wavelength
e.) Zero to maximum
e.) Zero to maximum
What is the amplitude of a wave?
the maximum distance between a point on the wave and its equilibrium position
The frequency of a sine wave is:
a.) The distance from crest to crest.
b.) The distance from crest to valley.
c.) The minimum to maximum.
d.) The number of seconds that pass per crest.
e.) The number of valleys that pass per second.
b.) The distance from crest to valley.
The wave equation is described as follows:
a.) The product of frequency and velocity is constant.
b.) Velocity is frequency divided by wavelength.
c.) Velocity is wavelength divided by frequency.
d.) Wavelength is the product of velocity and frequency.
e.) Wavelength is velocity divided by frequency.
e.) Wavelength is velocity divided by frequency.
The velocity of ultrasound in tissue is 1540 m/s. If a 1 MHz transducer is used, what will be the wavelength of the ultrasound?
a.) 15.4 micrometers
b.) 1.54 millimeters
c.) 1540 millimeters
d.) 15.4 centimeters
e.) 1540 meters
b.) 1.54 millimeters
Or
1540 meters
A 1 tesla mRI device operates at a radiofrequency of 42 MHz.
What is the wavelength of this radiation?
a.) 4.2 millimeters
b.) 7.1 millimeters
c.) 42 centimeters
d.) 7.1 meters
e.) 42 meters
d.) 7.1 meters
The periodic table presents the elements in the order of:
atomic number
Approximately how many known elements are there?
100
The only element that is not placed in any group of the periodic table is:
Hydrogen
As you move from left to right across the periodic table, what happens to the number of outer shell electrons from one element to the next?
It increases by one
Atoms with all electron shells filled are:
Chemically Stable
Atoms with three electrons in the outer shell have:
Have three valence electrons
In the periodic table of elements, the group number identifies the:
Total number of electrons in the atom
What physicists had a major part in describing the atom as we know it today?
Bohr!
Rutherford made what significant contribution to science?
Described the nuclear structure of the atom
What is a true statement about atoms?
atoms that have the same atomic number are atoms of the same element
The atomic mass number of an atom is given by the number of?
Protons plus neutrons
The atomic number is the:
The number of protons in a nucules
Isotopes are atoms of the …..
the same element that has a different number of neutrons
The number of protons in the nucleus is called the?
Velocity of all electromagnetic energy is ____ , meaning the wavelength and frequency are nicer related.
Constant
What does frequency mean?
the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given unit of time, essentially measuring how often a repeating event occurs within a specific period, and is typically measured in Hertz (Hz)
What three parameters are needed to describe electromagnetic energy?
The relationship among these parameters is important, a change in one affects the value of the others. ____ is constant.
Velocity
Frequency
Wavelength
- Velocity
At a given velocity, wavelength and frequency are _____ proportional.
Inversely
