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Chemistry > Basic Organic - Alkanes And Alkenes > Flashcards

Basic Organic - Alkanes And Alkenes Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkene

A

C=C -ene

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2
Q

Alcohol

A

-OH hydroxy- /-ol

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3
Q

Haloalkane

A

-halogen chloro- bromo- iodo-

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4
Q

Aldehyde

A

-CHO -al

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5
Q

Ketone

A

-C(CO)C- -one

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6
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

-COOH oic acid

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7
Q

Ester

A

-COOC- oate

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8
Q

Acyl Chloride

A

-COCl -oyl chloride

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9
Q

Amine

A

-NH2 amino- -amine

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10
Q

Nitrile

A

-CN

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11
Q

Molecular formula

A

Number and type in molecule
Eg C2H6O

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12
Q

Empirical

A

Simplest whole number ratio
Eg C6H12O6= CH2O

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13
Q

Displayed formula

A

Relative positions drawing bonds between atoms

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14
Q

Structural formula

A

Arrangements of atoms in molecule
Eg CH3CH2CH2CH3

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15
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
Isomers w same function group- same function group different position
Isomers w different func groups eg ketones and aldehydes

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16
Q

Bond fission

A

Breaking covalent bonds
Homolytic or heterolytic fission

17
Q

Homolytic fission

A

Each take one of the shared paired electrons forming radical
Cl• for example

18
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

One of the bonded atoms take both electrons
Forms positive and negative ions

19
Q

Addition reactions

A

Two reactants join together to form one product

20
Q

Substitution

A

An atom or group of atoms are replaced

21
Q

Elimination

A

Removal of a small molecule from larger forming 2 products

22
Q

Alkanes

A

Used as fuel
CnH2n+2

23
Q

Bonding in alkanes

A

Saturated hydrocarbons held together via single covalent bonds
Covalent bonds= sigma bonds result of 2 overlapping orbitals
Bond angle is 109.5

24
Q

Boiling points in alkanes

A

Increase as chain length incr more electrons / greater sa therefore Greater London forces more energy required
Branched = lower bp fewer surface points of contact therefore London forces are weaker

25
Q

Alkane reactions

A

Don’t react with most due to sigma bond strength and non polar molecules/bonds
Combustion forming CO2 and H2O
Reaction with halogens using UV light

26
Q

Bro I nation of alkanes

A
  1. Initiation- bromine molecule broken via Homolytic fission v reactive Br radicals
  2. Propagation Br• reacts with a C-H bond forming •CH3 radical and HBr
    •CH3 reacts with Br2 and forms a new Br•
  3. Termination- Br• form Br2 or •CH3 forms C2H6 or forms CH3Br
27
Q

Limitations of radical substitution

A

Further substitution takes place so difficult to form one organic compound
Can substitute until CBr4 or form monosubstiuted isomers by sub at different positions in the chain

28
Q

Structure and bonding of Alkene

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons
CnH2n
Sigma bonds and pi bonds
120 bond angle

29
Q

Pi bonds

A

Overlap of 2p orbitals one from each carbon involved in double bond
Electron density is conc in this bond
Prevents carbon atoms rotating

30
Q

Stereoisomers

A

E/z cis/trans
Same structural formula different arrangement of atoms in space

31
Q

Cahn Ingold rules

A

If higher priority on the same side = z isomers
If higher priority on different = e isomers
Higher priority = higher atomic number

32
Q

Reactivity of Alkene

A

React more readily due to the bond enthalpy of Oi bond is weaker so broken more readily

33
Q

Addition reactions of Alkene

A

With hydrogen (nickel catalyst)
Halogens
Hydrogen halides
Steam (acid catalyst)

34
Q

Electrophilic addition with Alkene a

A

Pi bond has high electron density which attracts electrophiles
HBr + Alkene pi bond attracted to positive hydrogen breaks
HBr breaks via heterolytic fission and Br- attracted to carbocation

35
Q

Markownikoffs rule

A

Secondary carbocation forms the major product in contrast to the primary as it is more stable

36
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

Monomer - Alkene
Polymer - poly(Alkene)
High temp and catalyst required

37
Q

Disposing of waste polymers

A

Lack of reactivity of polymers makes it hard to dispose and are non biodegradable
Recycle- plastics chopped into flakes and reused
PVC recycling - solvents dissolve
Waste polymers as fuels

Chemistry (20 decks)

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