Amines, Amides And Polymers

Question 1

Amine act as bases

Answer 1

Accept proton dative covalent bond
Form NH3+

Question 2

Formation of primary amine

Answer 2

Haloalkane + nh3 form ammonium salt NH3+Cl-
Addition of NaOH forms amine + Na salt + H2O
ethanol solvent to prevent substitution of haloalkane w H2O to produce alcohols
Excess ammonia used to reduce further substitution to form 2nd/3rd amines

Question 3

Production of secondary amine

Answer 3

Haloalkane + primary amide-> salt chloride
+NaOH-> di- -amine + NaCl+ H2O
Tertiary alcohols formed by further reaction of secondary amine

Question 4

Amino acid + alkali

Answer 4

Salt O- Na+ / H2O

Question 5

Esterifiaction of amino acid with alcohol

Answer 5

Require conc H2SO4 - protonate NH2
form NH3+ and ester from its Carboxylic acid group
Form H2O

Question 6

Classifying amines

Answer 6

Primary amine -NH2 bond to one other R group
Secondary amine -NH bond to 2 other R groups
Tertiary amine -N bond to 3 other R groups

Question 7

Naming amines

Answer 7

Primary amine = -amine suffix
Secondary/tertiary= Di/Tri prefix ( number of alkyl groups attached)
When 2 or more different groups attached to nitrogen atoms N- -amine

Question 8

Amine + acid

Answer 8

-NH3+Cl-

Question 9

Zwitterions

Answer 9

No overall charge when the NH3+ and -COO- cancel each other out

Question 10

Isoelectric point

Answer 10

pH at which the zwitterion is formed each amino acid has its own unique point

Question 11

Amino acid added to a greater pH than isoelectric point

Answer 11

The AA behaves as an acid losing H+ on its -NH3+ group COO- still remains

Question 12

Amino acid if added to a solution w lower pH than isoelectric point

Answer 12

Amino acid acts as a base COO- gains an H+ NH3+ still remains

Question 13

Amides

Answer 13

Products of reaction between acyl chlorides with ammonia and amines
Carbon = O bonded to a nitrogen
- amide

Question 14

Optical isomerism

Answer 14

Contain a chiral centre
Non superimposable and mirror images

Question 15

Chiral centre

Answer 15

Carbon that is attached to 4 different groups of atoms or group of atoms
Chirality applies to any centre that holds attachments that are non superimposable
Labelled w astrix

Question 16

Polyesters

Answer 16

Monomers joined by water bond
2 carb groups and 2 alcohol groups

Question 17

Polyamides

Answer 17

Monomers joined together by an amide link 2x Carboxylic acid groups and 2x amine groups
Amino acids-> polypeptides

Question 18

Hydrolysing polymers

Answer 18

Can use hot aq acid form regular products apart from protonised amino groups in polyamides
Can use hot aq alkali forms salt (carb acid) and regular other product

Question 19

Carbon - carbon bond formation

Answer 19

Haloalkane+CN- -> nitrile (ethanol catalyst) carbon chain extended - nucleophilic substitution
Aldehyde/ketone + HCN(NaCN and sulphuric acid) forms hydroxynitrile nucleophilic addition

Question 20

Reduction and hydrolysis of nitriles

Answer 20

Reduction = nitrile +H2 -> amine Ni catalyst
Hydrolysis = nitrile + H2O+ HCl-> Carboxylic acid + NH4Cl (need heat)