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Vet Nursing > Basic Nutrition > Flashcards

Basic Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Components in the diet that have specific functions within the body.

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2
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

These cannot be synthesised by the body. They must be supplied by the diet.

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3
Q

What are non-essential nutrients?

A

These can be synthesised by the body.

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4
Q

What are the seven nutrients?

A

Water, protein, carbohydrates, fibre, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

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5
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

It helps to maintain body water.
It controls the body temperature by panting and sweating.
It also allows chemical reactions to take place.

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6
Q

What percentage of water makes up the bodyweight?

Include intracellular and extracellular.

A

Water makes up 60% of bodyweight.
40% is intracellular.
20% is at extracellular.
Within extracellular, 14% is trans cellular, 5% is plasma, and 1% is interstitial.

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7
Q

Name three functions of proteins.

A

Growth, repair, energy, metabolism, and a source of nitrogen.

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8
Q

Why do cats need to have taurine (amino acid) in their diet?

A

Cats cannot convert methionine rapidly enough, therefore they need taurine in the diet.
Inadequate levels of taurine can cause blindness and heart problems.

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9
Q

When will protein deficiency occur?

A

It can occur from either low levels of protein in the diet or from insufficient levels from one amino acid.

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10
Q

Name three signs of protein deficiency.

A

Weight loss, poor growth, dull coat, muscle atrophy, oedema, leading to death.

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11
Q

What are the three main groups of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.

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12
Q

What are monosaccharides?

Give one example.

A

Made up of simple sugars, have 3-7 carbon atoms.

I.e. glucose, fructose, galactose.

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13
Q

What are Disaccharides?

Give one example.

A

Made of two monosaccharides linked together.

I.e. lactose, sucrose, maltose.

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14
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

Give one example.

A

Made up of many monosaccharides units which are cross linked.
This gives them complex long chains.

I.e. starch, dextrin, glycogen, fibre.

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15
Q

Name three problems with carbohydrates.

A

They are not easily digested.
There is a possibility of diarrhoea in older animals.
Obesity.

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16
Q

What are the three essential fatty acids (EFA)?

A

Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid.

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17
Q

Name three symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency.

A

Impaired reproductive performance.
Impaired wound healing.
Dry coat and dry, scaly skin.

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18
Q

Name three sources of fat.

A

Animal fat oils, vegetable oils, oily fish, red meat, dairy products.

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19
Q

Name the two groups of vitamins and give examples.

A

Water soluble.
B complex vitamins, vitamin c.

Fat soluble.
A, D, E, K.

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20
Q

What is the function of vitamin A?

A

Vision, bone growth, reproduction, and maintenance of epithelial tissue.

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21
Q

List three sources of vitamin A.

A

Carotenoids, fish oils, milk, liver, egg.

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Impaired growth, skin disease, reproductive failure.

23
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin A excess?

A

Skeletal abnormalities.

24
Q

What does vitamin D do?

A

Helps to regulate calcium and phosphate.

25
Q

List sources of vitamin D.

A

Liver, fish, egg, sunshine.

26
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets, osteomalacia, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism.

27
Q

What are symptoms at vitamin D excess?

A

Hypercalcaemia, bone reabsorption, soft tissue calcification.

28
Q

List sources of vitamin E.

A

Wheat germ, soy, bean oils.

29
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?

A

Reproductive failure, pansteatitis.

30
Q

Name sources of vitamin K.

A

Leafy plants, some fish, liver.

31
Q

Name sources of B vitamins.

A

Meats, vegetables, eggs, dairy.

32
Q

What are symptoms of B vitamin deficiency?

A

CNS signs, anaemia, weight loss.

33
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic molecules that are required in the body’s metabolic processes.

34
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic molecules that are essential for the body’s metabolic processes.

35
Q

Macro-minerals are…

A

Needed in larger amounts.

36
Q

Micro minerals are…

A

Required on smaller amounts.

37
Q

Name three functions of minerals.

A 
Skeleton structure. 
Acid base balance and fluid balance. 
Cell function. 
Nerve function. 
Muscle contraction. 
Iron within haemoglobin assist with carrying oxygen around the body.
38
Q

List two sources of minerals.

A

Muscle meat - high phosphorus levels.
Milk - high source of calcium.
Vegetables - contain lots of micro minerals.
Meat and liver - rich in iron.

39
Q

What is magnesium required for?

A

Normal function of the heart and skeletal muscle.

40
Q

What can an excess of calcium/phosphorus cause?

A

Skeletal abnormalities, especially where over supplementation had occurred.

41
Q

What can an excess of sodium and chloride cause?

A

It causes the animal it take in more fluid than normal, which results in oedema, hypertension and heart/kidney problems.

42
Q

What does potassium help to maintain?

A

Acid base balance, aids transfer of nerve impulses, and aids muscle contraction.

43
Q

List three things potassium is present in.

A

Soya, rice, bran, grains, wheat.

44
Q

What is manganese important for?

A

Necessary for enzymes function and metabolic processes.

45
Q

What is zinc important for?

A

A healthy skin and coat.

46
Q

What is copper important for?

A

Function of RBC and pigmentation of hair and skin.

47
Q

What is iron important for?

A

Haemoglobin and myoglobin.

48
Q

What diet should you feed puppies/kittens and adults?

A

A diet that is highly digestible and nutrient dense.

49
Q

What diet should you feed pregnant and lactating dogs/cats?

A

A highly digestible and energy dense diet.

50
Q

What diet should you give large breed puppies?

A

A reduced calcium diet.

51
Q

What diet should you give a senior dog/cat?

A

A high quality protein diet.

Also should avoid sudden changes in diet.

52
Q

What are the four types of commercial diets?

A

Canned foods, dry foods, semi-moist foods, complete/complementary diets.

53
Q

Name one disadvantage of homemade diets.

A

Overcooking will destroy nutrients.

54
Q

Define resting energy requirements (RER).

A

The amount of energy expended when sitting quietly in a comfortable environment.

Vet Nursing (9 decks)

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