Basic Histology: Nervous Tissue

Question 1

Systems that use nervous tissue

Answer 1

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

Question 2

Central nervous system

Answer 2

comprised of brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 3

nerves that run between CNS and target tissue

Question 4

Glia cells

Answer 4

support cells of CNS, includes oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglial cells, and ependymal cells

Question 5

Nerve

Answer 5

collection of axons

Question 6

Ganglion

Answer 6

collection of nerves together with efferent and afferent axons and support cells, can have sensory or autonomic nerves

Question 7

Neurons

Answer 7

transmit electrical impulses from one site to another and integrate them

Question 8

Structure of a neuron

Answer 8

cell body, dendrites, axon, cytoskeleton

Question 9

Cell body

Answer 9

soma or perikaryon, has nucleus

Question 10

Dendrites

Answer 10

processes that receive impulses and carry toward the body of the cell

Question 11

Axon

Answer 11

single long structure that carries impulses away from cell, ends at the synapse

Question 12

Cytoskeleton

Answer 12

necessary for axonal transport

Question 13

Part of cytoskeleton

Answer 13

neurofilament protein, microtubules

Question 14

Neurofilament protein

Answer 14

intermediate filament of nerve cells that help maintain shape of axon and soma, kinesis and dynein

Question 15

Microtubules

Answer 15

transport substances and organelles down the axon

Question 16

Types of axonal transport

Answer 16

anterograde and retrograde

Question 17

Anterograde fast axonal transport

Answer 17

from soma to synapse, uses molecular motor protein, kinesin

Question 18

Kinesin

Answer 18

motor protein used in anterograde

Question 19

Retrograde fast axonal transport

Answer 19

synapse back to soma, uses molecular motor protein dynein

Question 20

Dynein

Answer 20

motor protein in retrograde

Question 21

Support cells of nervous tissue

Answer 21

oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia

Question 22

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 22

form myelin sheaths in CNS

Question 23

Schwann cells

Answer 23

neurolemmocytes, enclose axons in PNS

Question 24

Node of Ranvier

Answer 24

small bare area of axons between myelin sheaths, increase nerve conduction, enriched by sodium

Question 25

Depolarization at Node of Ranvier

Answer 25

rapid passive spread of depolarization along axon beneath myelin sheath

Question 26

What limits leakage

Answer 26

leakage is minimized due to insulation from surrounding myelin

Question 27

Astrocytes

Answer 27

regulates ionic environment and metabolite levels, contains glial fibrillary acidic protein, helps with glial scar formation

Question 28

Microglia

Answer 28

macrophage, clear debris

Question 29

Regions of the central nervous system

Answer 29

cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord

Question 30

White matter

Answer 30

made of myelinated axons grouped together in tracts, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia. Innermost part of cerebrum with few neuronal cells

Question 31

Gray matter

Answer 31

contains many neuronal cells, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, astrocytes, and microglial cell. Outer part of cerebrum with groups of cell bodies forming nuclei

Question 32

Layers of meninges

Answer 32

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 33

Dura mater

Answer 33

thick, external layer with dense fibroelastic connective tissue that goes along periosteum of the skull, separated from other lay by the subarachnoid space, avascular because it is without capillaries

Question 34

Arachnoid mater

Answer 34

loose connective tissue, with the subarachnoid space beneath it

Question 35

Subarachnoid space

Answer 35

beneath the arachnoid, separated the arachnoid from the dura, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 36

Pia mater

Answer 36

innermost layer of loose connective tissue, closely applied to the surface of the CNS tissue

Question 37

Peripheral nerves

Answer 37

connective tissue covering

Question 38

Types of peripheral nerves

Answer 38

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

Question 39

Epineurium

Answer 39

outer sheath of loose fibro-collagenous tissue, binds nerves fascicles into nerve trunk, might have adipose tissue and main artery supply in nerve trunk

Question 40

Perineurium

Answer 40

surrounds groups of axons and endoneurium to form fascicles, acts as permeability barrier, regulates transportation of nutrients from capillaries to nerve fibers

Question 41

Fascicle

Answer 41

small bundles of axons

Question 42

Endoneurium

Answer 42

surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells and capillaries