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HEMA LEC > Basic Hematological Methods of Examination > Flashcards

Basic Hematological Methods of Examination Flashcards

1
Q

A basic screening test and one of the most frequently ordered laboratory procedure

A

CBC

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2
Q

Parameters included in CBC

A
  1. WBC Count
  2. RBC Count
  3. Hgb Determination
  4. Hct Determination
  5. Differential Count
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3
Q

CBC consist of series of test that determines what of blood cells? (4)

A
  1. Quantity
  2. Variety
  3. % Concentration
  4. Quality
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4
Q

What RBC parameter response to different types of anemia?

A

Reticulocytes

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5
Q

Average size of Platelets?

A

8-10 femtoliter

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6
Q

Test that measures the number of WBC in your body?

A

WBC Count

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7
Q

2 Materials needed for WBC Count?

A
  1. Hemocytometer
  2. Microscope
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8
Q

WBC Count detects what other than WBCs?

A

Hidden Infection

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9
Q

This helps doctors monitor the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiation

A

WBC Count

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10
Q

Dilution Ratio for WBC Count?

A

1:20

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11
Q

Dilution solution used for WBC Count?

A

Diluted Acetic Acid Solution

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12
Q

RBC Count is also known as?

A

Erythrocytes Count

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13
Q

Importance of RBCs?

A

Carries Oxygen to body tissues

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14
Q

Increase RBC indicates?

A

Polycythemia Vera

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15
Q

Decreased RBC indicates?

A

Anemia

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16
Q

RBC Count in cells per _____, _____ & ______

A
  1. Microliter
  2. Milliliter
  3. Liter
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17
Q

Measurement of Concentration of Hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin Determination

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18
Q

It is the protein that carries Oxygen to your body

A

Hemoglobin

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19
Q

This RBC Parameter is used to rule out anemia

A

Hemoglobin Determination

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20
Q

Percentage of each type of WBC

A

Differential Count

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21
Q

Neutrophil Count can determine what?

A

Pyogenic Infection

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22
Q

Eosinophil count can indicate? (2)

A
  1. Allergic Disorder
  2. Parasitic Infection
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23
Q

Basophil Count can indicate?

A

Parasitic Infection

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24
Q

Lymphocyte count can indicate?

A

Viral Infection

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25
Q

Monocyte count can indicate?

A

Severe infection by Phagocytosis

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26
Q

What can Differential Count detect? (3)

A
  1. Immature WBC
  2. Abnormalities
  3. Morphology
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27
Q

This indirectly by measures RBC Mass

A

Hematocrit Determination

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28
Q

Volume of Packed RBC that occupies given volume of Whole Blood

A

Hematocrit

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29
Q

Hematocrit is also known as?

A

Packed Cell Volume

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30
Q

Results of Hematocrit? (2)

A
  1. Percentage By Volume
  2. Fractions
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31
Q

Used to asses the erythropoietic activity of the bone

A

Reticulocytes Count

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32
Q

What stain is used to stain living cells ?

A

Supravital Stain

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33
Q

Examples of Supravital Stains Used (3)

A
  1. New Methylene Blue
  2. Brilliant Cresyl Blue
  3. Pure Azure Blue
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34
Q

What ratio of stain to blood is used in Reticulocytes Count

A

1:1

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35
Q

Incubate at what temperature to make a good smear at Reticulocytes Count

A

Room Temperature

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36
Q

Increased Retics can indicate?

A

Hemolysis

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37
Q

This is one of the most oldest hematology test

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

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38
Q

ESR can detect only what?

A

Inflammation

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39
Q

2 Types of Method for ESR

A
  1. Westergren Method
  2. Wintrobe Method
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40
Q

What type of Test is ESR?

A

non-specific test

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41
Q

ESR results are reported in?

A

mm/hr

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42
Q

This test uses graduated concentrations of saline solution

A

Osmotic Fragility Test

43
Q

OFT is used to detect? (3)

A
  1. Spherocytes
  2. Hereditary Spherocytosis
  3. Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (WAHA)
44
Q

Tube used for OFT?

A

Heparine Tube (Green)

45
Q

This test uses turbidity as a positive result

A

Sickle Cell Solubility Screening Assay

46
Q

Sickle Cell Solubility Screening Assay is used to detect? (3)

A
  1. Sickle Cell Anemia
  2. Thalassemia
  3. Qualitative HGB Abnormalities
47
Q

Follow up test for Sickle Cell Solubility Screening Assay (2)

A
  1. Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
  2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography
48
Q

This phenotypically detects an inherited RBC enzyme deficiency

A

Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Test

49
Q

It is the sum of all those activities in which the laboratory is engaged to ensure that information generated by the lab is correct

A

Quality Assurance

50
Q

The real purpose of Quality Assurance Program

A

Determine how correct/incorrect the result is

51
Q

It is a measure of excellence

A

Quality

52
Q

It Prevents/Minimize Errors

A

Quality Control

53
Q

Key Components of Quality Assurance (8)

A
  1. Standard Operation Procedure
  2. Quality Control
  3. Calibration and Maintenance of Equipment
  4. Training and Competency of Personnel
  5. Sample Handling and Processing
  6. Data Management
  7. Continuous Improvement
  8. Accreditation and Certification
54
Q

3 Major Activities in QAP

A
  1. Preventive
  2. Assessment
  3. Corrective
55
Q

It is the closeness to the estimated value to the true mean

A

Accuracy

56
Q

It is the reproducibility of a result

A

Precision

57
Q

2 Methods of Blood Collection

A
  1. Skin Puncture
  2. Venipuncture
58
Q

Blood sample that is collected from skin puncture is called?

A

Peripheral Blood

59
Q

Peripheral Blood is a mixture of what? (3)

A
  1. Capillary
  2. venous
  3. Arterial
60
Q

Sites of puncture for Skin Punture (3)

A
  1. Finger
  2. Earlobe
  3. Heel
61
Q

Site of Skin Puncture for <1 year old?

A

Lateral Portion of Plantar Surface of Heel

62
Q

What condition could puncturing the soft bone in the heel of an infant lead to?

A

Osteomyelitis

63
Q

Earlobe puncture can detect? (2)

A
  1. Abnormalities in WBC
  2. Histiocytes
64
Q

Sites to Avoid (4)

A
  1. Inflamed or Pallor Areas
  2. Cold and Cyanotic Areas
  3. Congested and Edematous Areas
  4. Scarred and Heavily Calloused Areas
65
Q

2 Advantages of Skin Puncture using Earlobe?

A
  1. Less pain
  2. Less Nerve Endings
66
Q

Disadvantage of Skin Puncture?

A

Less volume of blood

67
Q

Order of Draw for Skin Puncture? (5)

A
  1. Blood Gas Analysis
  2. Slides
  3. Edta
  4. Other microtubes
  5. Serum Microtubes
68
Q

Manner of inserting a needle attached to a syringe to collect blood

A

Venipuncture

69
Q

Blood Sample collected for Venipuncture?

A

Venous Blood

70
Q

Angle of Needle Insertion?

A

15-30 degrees

71
Q

Length of needle?

A

1-1.5 inches long

72
Q

Order of Draw for Venipuncture? (7)

A
  1. Blood Culture
  2. Blue
  3. Serum Sterile Tubes
  4. Green
  5. Lavender
  6. Sodium Fluoride
  7. Gray
73
Q

Fastest method for Venipuncture?

A

Evacuated Tube System

74
Q

Sites of Venipuncture for Newborn to 18 months (3)

A
  1. External Jugular Vein
  2. Temporal Vein
  3. Superior Longitudinal Sinus
75
Q

Site of Venipuncture for 18 months to 3 years old (4)

A
  1. Femoral Vein
  2. Ankle Vein
  3. Popliteal Vein
  4. Long Saphenous Vein
76
Q

Site of Venipuncture for 3 years old to adult (3)

A
  1. Wrist Vein
  2. Dorsal Vein of the Hand
  3. Dorsal Vein of the Ankle
77
Q

2 Patterns of Vein

A
  1. H Pattern
  2. M Pattern
78
Q

Veins under H Pattern

A
  1. Median capital Vein
  2. Cephalic Vein
    3 Basilic Vein
79
Q

Veins under M Pattern

A
  1. Median
  2. Accessory Cephalic Vein
  3. Basilic Vein
80
Q

2 Advantages of Evacuated Tube Method?

A
  1. Easy Blood Reserves
  2. Vacuum Exact Volume
81
Q

Complications of Venipuncture (3)

A
  1. Hematoma
  2. Fainting
  3. Nausea
82
Q

5 Most Common Anticoagulant used in Hematology?

A
  1. Edta
  2. Citrate
  3. Heparin
  4. Oxalate
  5. Double Oxalate
83
Q

Mode of Action of Edta?

A

Binds to non-ionized calcium then chelates calcium

84
Q

3 Forms of Edta?

A
  1. Dipotassium EDTA
  2. Disodium EDTA
  3. Tripotassium EDTA
85
Q

Uses of EDTA tube (4)

A
  1. CBC
  2. ESR
  3. PLT Count
  4. PBS
86
Q

Advantages of EDTA (3)

A
  1. Preservation of Cell Morphology
  2. Prevents Platelet Aggregation
  3. Prevents artifac Formation
87
Q

Most common and preferred anticoagulant for coagulation studies

A

Citrate

88
Q

Mode of Action of Citrate

A

Binds to Calcium

89
Q

Anticoagulant buffer for citrate?

A

0.109 M / 3.8% Na

90
Q

Most commonly used for OFT and Immunology

A

Heparin

91
Q

Mode of Action of Heparin

A

Binds to Thrombin

92
Q

2 Forms of Heparin?

A
  1. Sodium Heparin
  2. Lithium Heparin
93
Q

5 Uses for Heparin Tube

A
  1. RBC Count
  2. Hemoglobin
  3. Hematocrit
  4. ESR
  5. OFT
94
Q

4 Disadvantages of Heparin Tube

A
  1. Not recommended for Coagulation Studies
  2. Not for WBC
  3. Not for Blood Smear Prep
  4. Most Expensive
95
Q

Mode of Action of Oxalates

A

Binds Calcium

96
Q

3 Forms of Oxalates

A
  1. Double oxalate
  2. Lithium Oxalate
  3. Sodium Oxalate
97
Q

Lithium oxalate is for?

A

Blood Body Fluids

98
Q

Sodium Oxalate is for?

A

Coagulation

99
Q

Double Oxalates are salts of? (2)

A
  1. Ammonium
  2. Potassium
100
Q

type of oxalate where RBC Shrinks

A

Potassium Oxalate

101
Q

Type of oxalate where RBC Swells

A

Ammonium Oxalate

102
Q

Double Oxalate is also known as?

A

Balance Oxalate

103
Q

3 Disadvantages of Double Oxalate

A
  1. Not for Blood Transfusion
  2. Causes clumping of WBCs and Platelets
  3. Not for PBS

HEMA LEC (4 decks)

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