Basic Concepts in Mycology Flashcards
What does the greek word “mykes” mean?
Fungus
the study of fungi encompassing environmental impact, genetic and biochemical properties.
Mycology
There are about ___ to ____ new species are described each year.
1,000 to 1,500
the study of fungi, its impact and relationship to human disease.
Medical Mycology
True/false
From the named species, fewer than 500 have commonly been associated with human and zoonotic diseases, and no more than 50 causes opportunistic infections.
True
True/False
One of the importance of learning mycology is the increasing number of rare environmental molds implicated as opportunistic pathogens capable of producing serious diseases among debilitated or immunocompromised hosts.
False
rare –> ubiquitous (present everywhere)
True/false
fungal infection is often mistaken as a bacterial infection.
true
the asexual form of a fungus
anamorph
A specialized conidiogenous cell from which a succession of spores is produced and which has a column of apical scars at its tip.
Annellide
ability of a fungus to use a specific carbon or nitrogen source for growth.
Assimilation
it indicates “without cross-walls or septa.”
Aseptate
the process of conidia formation.
Conidiogenesis
One basic method of conidiogenesis in which an existing hyphal cell is converted into one or more conidia
thallic
One basic method of conidiogenesis in which conidia are produced as a result of some form of budding process
blastic
An asexual (mitosis only) propagule that forms on the side or the end of the hypha or conidiophore.
conidium
True/False
A conidium is always borne externally, ie., enclosed in a saclike structure such as sporangium.
False
NOT ENCLOSED
Type of conidia that are small and usually singled cell
microconidia
Type of conidia that are usually segmented into two or more cels
Macroconidia
It indicates “darkly pigmented”
Dematiaceous
ability of a fungus to utilize a specific carbohydrate in the presence of other organic compounds, resulting in the production of gas.
fermentation
true/false
All carbohydrates fermented by a fungus are also assimilated, and many compounds that are assimilated are also fermented.
false
This indicates that the carbohydrate has been assimilated
Acid production (color change)
colonies with a cotton-like texture.
floccose
term used to describe spores with a spindle-like shape.
fusiform
colonies with wax-like texture.
Glabrous
a self-sterile fungus; sexual reproduction cannot take place unless two compatible mating strains are present.
heterothallic
a self-compatible fungus; sexual reproduction can take place within an individual strain.
Hyaline: colorless, transparent, transluscent.
homothallic
one of the individual filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.
hypha
a filamentous fungus.
Mold
it means hyaline or lightly colored.
Moniliaceous
a mass of branching filaments which make up the vegetative growth of a fungus.
Mycelium
a cell with several nuclei.
Oligokaryotic
it means having few septa.
Pauciseptate
a chain of yeast cells which have arisen as a result of budding and have elongated without becoming detached from each other, forming a hypha-like filament.
pseudohypha
True/false
Unlike a true hypha, the connection between adjacent pseudohyphal cells shows cross walls.
False
shows MARKED CONSTRICTION
a short branching hypha that resembles a root.
RHIZOID
it means having cross-walls or septa.
Septate
a monophyletic clade of species with equivalent clinical relevance.
Species complex
a specialized hypha upon which a sporangium develops.
Sporangiophore
term used to describe the development of a single conidium at successive sites along a lengthening conidiogenous cell.
Sympodial
the sexual form of a fungus.
Teleomorph
the vegetative growth of a fungus
Thallus
a unicellular, budding fungus.
Yeast
What time period when fungi were used as an antiseptic and anesthesia due to the “magical & spiritual” properties.
35,000 BC
what time period when people were convinced that association with fungi will entail the formation of diseases. People believed that fungi were “the work of the devil”.
middle ages
what time period when people believed fungi were plants with no fruit nor seed.
Renaissance period
Birth of the 1st mycological studies.
18th Century
founder of modern mycological studies.
Pier Anton Micheli
Time period when mycology was separated from botany.
18th century
time period when fungi were recognized as a potential causative agents of diseases that are usually fatal in nature
mid-20th century
Branch of science that deals with systematic biological classification of all living organisms
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is divided three disciplines:
classification, identification, and nomenclature
what breakthrough concept was developed in 2011 that recommended the discontinuation of the dual nomenclature system?
“One fungus, One name”
When did the system of permitting separate anamorph and teleomorph names end?
January 1, 2013
Father of Taxonomy
Carl Von Linne
Proposed 2 kingdoms: animalia and plantae
Carl Von Linne (1753)
introduced an additional classification scheme
3 kingdom: animalia, plantae, and protista
Emil Haeckel (1866)
introduced the five kingdom scheme
5 kingdoms: animalia, protista, plantae, mycetea, monera
robert whittacker (1949)
introduced the domain system
3 domains: eukarya, bacteria, and archaea
carl woose (1977)
introduced 7 kingdoms
7 kingdoms: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, chromista, plantae, fungi, and animalia
cavalier-smith (2015)
it is the orderly arrangement of organisms into taxonomic groups on the basis of similarity.
classification
this pertains whether a defined organism is classified as Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic.
Cell type
discusses whether an organism is a unicellular or multicellular
Level of cellular organization
Eukaryotes are divided into five monophyletic lineages or supergroups:
SAR (one clade consists of three groups viz., Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Rhizaria)
Archaeplastida
Excavata
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta — True fungi
organisms that are not fungi sensu strictu that share fungal-like morphological features with the true fungi.
parafungi or pseudofungi
Another term for fungi-imperfecti
Form-division deuteromycota
fungi that reproduce asexual type only (sporogenesis)
Fungi imperfecti
Seven phyla that constitute true fungi:
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Blastocladiomycota
Chytridiomycota
Glomeromycota (formerly Zygomycota)
Microsporidia
Neocallimastigomycota
These two phyla are classified as asubkingdom dikarya
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
2 subphylum of glomeromycota
Subphylum mucormycotina and entomophthoromycotina
What order is under the subphylum mucormycotina
Mucorales
Under the order mucorales, what are the 4 genera?
Lichtheimia (absidia)
Mucor
Rhizomucor
Rhizopus
What order is under the subphylum entomophthoromycotina?
entomophthorales
Under the order entomophthorales, what are the 2 genera?
basidiobolus and conidiobolus
This is the labeling of the untis defined.
Nomenclature
the process of determining whether an unknown belongs to one of the units defined in and labeled in.
Identification
produced via sexual reproduction of a generative cell (basidium).
Basidiospores (haploid)
3 genera of the phylum basidiomycota:
Cryptococcus
Malassezia
Trichosporon
Polyphyletic, belong to subphylum Agaricomycotina, class Tremellomycetes, and order Tremellales and(or) Filobasidiales
Cryptococcus
Most filamentous basidiomycetes are _____ fungi or ____ plant pathogens.
wood-rotting; obligate
TRUE/FALSE
sexual reproduction is variable, some produce spores like those of the Ascomytoca in the phylum basidiomycota
false
ASEXUAL
what phylum contains ~50% of all named fungal species and accounts for ~80% of fungi of medical importance?
Phylum Ascomycota
ascospores which are produced in a sac like structure called
ascus
This structure contains numerous asci
ascocarps or ascomata
Three subphylum under phylum ascomycota
Taphrinomycotina
Saccharomycotina
Pezizomycotina
What subphylum contains the genus Pneumocystis formerly classified under kingdom Protozoa?
Taphrinomycotina
What subphylum contains the class Saccharomycetes belongs to order Saccharomycetales?
saccharomycotina
what subphylum contains two classes: Eurotiomycetes and the Sordariomycetes?
Pezizomycotina
This class of the phylum Ascomycota is characterized by vegetative yeast cells which proliferate by budding or fission.
Class saccharomycetes
This class of the phylum Ascomycota do not produce ascomata
Class Saccharomycetes
true/false
The ascus being formed in the Class Saccharomycetes is by direct transformation of a budding vegetative cell either through “mother-bud” conjugation or by conjugation between two independent singe cells.
true
This is a class of the phylum Ascomycota wherein sexual reproduction leads to the formation of ascomata containing asci with ascospores.
Class Eurotiomycetes
Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes:
This contains teleomorph of the dermatophytes and numbers of dimorphic system pathogens ie., H. capsulatum and B. dermatitidis.
Onygenales
Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes:
This includes teleomorphs of anamorphic genera ie., Aspergillus and Penicillium.
Eurotiales
Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes:
This contains the teleomorphs of the anamorphic genus Fusarium.
Hypocreales
Under the seven orders of the class eurotiomycetes:
Five orders that are teleomorphs of melanized fungi
Capnodiales
Chaetothyriales
Microascales
Pleosporales
Ophiostomatales
