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Chemistry AS > Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons Flashcards

1
Q

Define a General Formula

A

An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

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2
Q

Define a empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound (cancel the numbers down if possible)

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3
Q

What is the empirical formula of ethane, C2H6?

A

CH3

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4
Q

Define molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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5
Q

Define Structural formula

A

Shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

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6
Q

Define skeletal formula

A

Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups. The hydrogen and carbon atoms aren’t shown. This is handy for drawing large complicated structures, like cyclic hydrocarbons.

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7
Q

Define Displayed formula

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged, and all the bonds between them.

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8
Q

What are the general groups called in organic chemistry?

A

Homologous series

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9
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds that have the same functional group and general formula

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10
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a alkane?

A

-ane

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11
Q

What is CH3CH2CH3 as an alkane?

A

Propane

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12
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a branched alkane?

A

-alkyl- (-yl)

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13
Q

What is CH3CH(CH3)CH3 as a branches alkane?

A

Methylpropane

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14
Q

What is CH3CH=CH2 as a alkene?

A

Propene

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15
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a alkene?

A

-ene

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16
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a haloalkanes?

A

Chloro-/Bromo-/iodo-

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17
Q

What is CH3CH2Cl as a haloalkane?

A

Chloroenthane

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18
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a alcohol?

A

-ol

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19
Q

What is CH3CH2OH as an alcohol?

A

ethanol

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20
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a aldehydes?

A

-al

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21
Q

What is CH3CHO as an aldehyde?

A

ethanal

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22
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a ketone?

A

-one

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23
Q

What is CH3COCH3?

A

propanone

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24
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a cycloalkane?

A

-cyclo-…-ane

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25
Q

What is C6H12 as a cycloalkane?

A

Cyclohexane

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26
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid

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27
Q

What is CH3COOH?

A

Ethanoic acid

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28
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a ester?

A

alkyl-… -anoate

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29
Q

What is CH3CH2COOCH3?

A

Methyl propanoate

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30
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of carbon compounds

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31
Q

How many covalent bonds can carbon make?

A

4

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32
Q

What kind of bonds does carbon make?

A

Covalent

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33
Q

What is catenation?

A

Carbons ability to form long chains of Carbon atoms

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34
Q

What type of bonds can carbon form?

A

Single, Double and triple bonds

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35
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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36
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Organic compounds containing only single (sigma) bonds

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37
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

Organic compounds containing one or more double or triple bonds

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38
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by a CH2 group.

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39
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristics reactions of a compound

40
Q

What is a Aliphatic chain?

A

Carbon atoms are joined in a straight or branched chain

41
Q

What is a Alicyclic chain?

A

Carbon atoms are joined to each other in a ring structure

42
Q

What is a Aromatic compound?

A

Compounds containing at least one benzene ring

43
Q

What is the suffix for a alkene?

A

-ene

44
Q

What is the suffix for a alcohol?

A

-ol

45
Q

What is the suffix for a haloalkane?

A

none

46
Q

What is the suffix for a aldehyde?

A

-al

47
Q

What is the suffix for a ketone?

A

-one

48
Q

What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid

49
Q

What is the suffix for a ester?

A

-oate

50
Q

What is the suffix for a acyl chloride?

A

-oyl chlordie

51
Q

What is the suffix for a amine?

A

-amine

52
Q

What is the suffix for a nitrile?

A

-nitrile

53
Q

What is the prefix for a alcohol?

A

Hydroxyl-

54
Q

What is the prefix for a haloalkane?

A

Chloro- , Bromo-, Iodo-

55
Q

What is the prefix for a amine?

A

Amino-

56
Q

What is the functional group for a alkene?

A

C=C

57
Q

What is the functional group for a alcohol?

A

-OH

58
Q

What is the functional group for a haloalkane?

A

-Cl , -Br ,-I

59
Q

What is the functional group for a aldehyde?

A

-CHO

60
Q

What is the functional group for a ketone?

A

-C(CO)C-

61
Q

What is the functional group for a carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

62
Q

What is the functional group for a ester?

A

-COOC-

63
Q

What is the functional group for a acyl chloride?

A

-COCl

64
Q

What is the functional group for a amine?

A

-NH2

65
Q

What is the functional group for a nitrile?

A

-CN

66
Q

Define Chemical formula

A

Different types of formulae are used in organic chemistry

67
Q

Define molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule eg C2H6 for ethanol

68
Q

Define Empirical Formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each elements in a molecule eg CH2 for ethene, C2H4

69
Q

Define General formula

A

The simplest algebraic formula for a member of a homologous series eg. CnH2n+2 for alkenes

70
Q

Define structural formulae

A

Use the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

71
Q

Define displayed formula

A

Shows the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

72
Q

Define skeletal formula

A

A simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

73
Q

What are the stems for carbon chains from 1 to 10?

A
  1. meth-
  2. eth-
  3. prop-
  4. but-
  5. pent-
  6. hex-
  7. hept-
  8. oct-
  9. non-
  10. dec-
74
Q

Define an Isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

75
Q

What are the three types of structural isomerism?

A

Positional, Chain and Functional Group

76
Q

What are the two types of stereoisomerism?

A

E/Z and optical

77
Q

Define structural isomer

A

Have different structural formulae

78
Q

Define Stereoisomers

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formula, but the 3D arrangement of atoms is different.

79
Q

Define chain isomerism

A

The carbon chain is arranged differently

80
Q

Define positional isomerism

A

The functional group is attached to a different carbon atom

81
Q

Define functional group isomers

A

They contain different functional groups and so are members of different homologous series

82
Q

What is bond fission ?

A

The initial stage of an organic reaction which involves breaking a covalent bond.

83
Q

What are the two types of bond fission?

A
  1. Homolytic Fission

2. Heterolytic Fission

84
Q

Define Homolytic fission

A

Each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons

85
Q

Define Heterolytic fission

A

One of the bonded atoms takes both of the shared pairs of electrons

86
Q

What is formed after homolytic fission?

A

Ions

87
Q

What is formed after heterolytic fission?

A

Radicals

88
Q

What is a radical?

A

An atom or group of atoms with one or more unpaired electrons

89
Q

What is a organic reaction mechanism?

A

A reaction mechanism details how the reaction takes place and what happens in each stage of a reaction

90
Q

What does a FULL curly arrow show?

A

The movement of a PAIR of electrons

91
Q

What does a Fish-hook curly arrow show?

A

The movement of a single/ unpaired electron

92
Q

What product is resulted in after heterolytic fission?

A

A carbocation and ion

93
Q

What product is resulted in after homolytic fission?

A

Radicals

94
Q

What is a addition reaction?

A

When 2 molecules join to make 1 molecule

95
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

An atom/ group of atoms is replaced by another atom/ group of atoms.

96
Q

What is a elimination reaction?

A

Removal of a smaller molecules from a larger molecule.

Chemistry AS (16 decks)

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