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MSK > Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 major components of the MSK System

A

Bone and joints
Skeletal Muscle
Connective Tissue

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2
Q

Name 6 functions of skeletal muscle

A 
Locomotion
Posture 
Metabolic
Venous return
Thermogenesis
Continence
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3
Q

What do Fascia do?

What does Articular Cartilage do?
What does fibrocartilage do?

A

Compartmentalisation of muscles
Protection

AC- Reduce friction
FC- Shock absorber, Increase bone congruity at joints (Creating a complementary shape of bony surfaces to increase stability)

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4
Q

What are Bursae and Synovial Membranes?

Include their function

A

SM- Secrete synovial fluid to lubricate tendons/ joints

Bursae- Sac containing synovial fluid

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5
Q

What are the functions of the 2 major parts of bone

A

Collagen 1- Give tensile strength

Calcium Phosphate- Give compressive strength

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6
Q

State 3 surface features of bone

State functions

A

Processes- Attach to other bones or muscles/ ligaments
Depressions- On bone surfaces, provide passage for vessels and soft tissues
Openings- Openings which nerves, vessels, lymphatics pass through

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7
Q

What are 2 kinds of processes on bones

How is one these affected by force exerted

A

Articulating

Non-Articulaing: Stronger force from muscle-> Larger bony process

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8
Q

What happens to bone if derived of blood supply?

What is this called and what is the most common cause

A

Death of bone- Avascular necrosis

Fracture

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9
Q

List the 4 arteries in the bone

A

Nutrient artery
Periosteal artery- Supplies outer third of cortical bone
Metaphyseal arteries- In some bone, enter at site of attachment of capsule
Epiphyseal artery

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10
Q

How does relationship between 2 Arteries change from childhood to adulthood

A

Child: Metaphyseal arteries don’t cross growth plate so 2ndary ossification centre is dependent only on Epiphyseal Artery

Adulthood: Epiphysis fuses so there is ANASTOMOSIS between the 2 arteries

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11
Q

Define Joint
Which 2 factors are affected by joints
How do they relate to each other?

A

An articulation between 2 or more bones
Stabilty AND Range of Movement
Inversely Proportional

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12
Q

Rank the 3 types of joints from least to most mobile

A

Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint

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13
Q

Describe the structure and location of Fibrous joints

A

Collagen 1 holding bones together

Found where structural strength/ stability is needed

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14
Q

Describe the structure and location of Cartilaginous joints

A

Cartilage acts as glue between bones

Found at midline of body and epyhphyseal plates

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15
Q

Compare the 2 types of Cartiliginous joints

What is one these also called?

A

Primary: Hyaline cartilage between bones, completely immobile

Secondary: Hyaline cartilage around bones with a layer of fibrocartilage between.
- AKA Symphyses

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16
Q

Describe the location and structure of Synovial joints

A
  • All over skeleton
  • Bones surrounded by articular cartilage in a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.
    Joint is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, which resists dislocation
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17
Q

Name the 6 types of Synovial joint and their functions

A

Plane- Where 2 flat surfaces move against each other in 1 plane
Condyloid- No rotation
Saddle- Simultaneous movement in only 2 planes
Hinge- Flexion/ extension in only 1 plane
Pivot- Rotation in a single plane
Ball and Socket- Movement in multiple directions

18
Q

Describe the embryological development of a synovial joint

A
  1. Synovial joints form between adjacent cartilage models in the Joint Interzone
  2. Cells at centre of interzone undergo apoptosis-> Joint cavity
    Surrounding mesenchyme cells form the Perichondrium-> Periosteum
    They also form the joint capsule and surrounding ligaments
19
Q

What 6 factors affect joint ROM

A
  • Structure or shape of articulating bones
  • Strength and tension of joint ligaments
  • Arrangement and tone of muscles around the joint
  • Apposition of neighbouring soft tissues
  • Effect of hormones
  • Disuse of a joint
20
Q

Compare 3 lever types in terms of position of Load, Effort, Fulcrum

A

Class 1: Effort and Load are on opposite sides of Fulcrum

Class 2: Load lies between Effort being applied and Fulcrum

Class 3: Effort applied is between Fulcrum and Load

21
Q

How does lever length affect Range of Movement, ROM and Force Generation

A

Longer= More Force generated, lower displacement of loads

22
Q

State Hilton’s Law

A

The nerves supplying the muscle moving the joint also supply the joint capsule, and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

23
Q

What 2 things can muscles only do?

A

Muscles can only pull

Muscles can only act on joints that they/ their tendons cross

24
Q

Define Origin and Insertion

A

Origin: Is the stationary anchor point and is usually proximal in the limb
Insertion: Is the mobile attachment point and is usually distal in the limb

25
Q

What are 2 principles of origins and insertions (Other than the definitions)

A
  • Muscle contraction is symmetrical, exerting equal force on the Origin and Insertion
  • If Insertion point is fixed and Origin is made mobile, Origin and Insertion can become ‘inverted’
26
Q

What is the principle relating the fibre orientation to muscle action
What principle can be derived from this

A
  • The action of a muscle is a function of the orientation of its fibres and the relation of those fibres to its joint
  • The action of a muscle is a function of the starting point of the joint
27
Q

State the principle about muscles working together

A

Muscles work together, never in isolation

The CNS co-ordinates this complex task

28
Q

Compare the 5 types of muscles

A

Agonists- Prime muscles responsible for a specific movement
Antagonists- Muscles that oppose the prime mover

Synergists- Muscles that assist the prime mover

Neutralisers- Prevent unwanted actions of a muscle
Fixators- Stabilise a joint

29
Q

Compare the 3 muscle contraction types

A

Concentric: Muscle shortens as it contracts
Eccentric: Muscle lengthens as it contracts
Isocentric: Muscle stays same length as it contracts

30
Q

What is a fascial compartment

What is common between muscles in a single compartment

A

A region of a limb that contains muscles, nerves, blood vessels and is surrounded by deep fascia

Usually share same innervation and action

31
Q

What are the 3 Major divisions of skeletal muscle fibres
Name their sub-divisions

What is the most common arrangement

A

Parallel: Strap, Fusiform, Fan-shaped (Triangular)
Pennate: Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate
Circular

Most common- Parallel

32
Q

Compare the 3 types of Parallel skeletal muscle fibres

A

Strap: Fibres run longitudinal, parallel to contraction direction

Fusiform: Spindle-shaped (Cylindrical, wider in centre)

Fan-shaped/ Triangular: Fibres converge at a single point

33
Q

What do Pennate muscles have

Compare the 3 types of Pennate skeletal muscle fibres

A

Pennate: Have one or more aponeuroses going through muscle body from tendon

Unipennate: All muscle fascicles on same side of tendon
Bipennate: One muscle fascicle on either side of tendon
Multipennate: Central tendon branches into several, from which fascicles originate

34
Q

What are circular muscles

A

Fibres form concentric rings around sphincter or opening

35
Q

What 4 factors help to predict muscle action

A
  • Where does it attach
  • how many joints does it cross
  • How is it related to the joints
  • Which direction do fibres run in
36
Q

What is a fascia

A

A band or sheet of connective tissue

37
Q

Compare Superficial and Deep Fascia

A

Superficial: Subcutaneous fat/ Hypodermis

Deep: Epimysium of muscle

38
Q

Compare connections in Tendons, Ligaments, Aponeuroses

A

Tendons- Bone to muscle
Ligaments- Bone to bone
Aponeuroses- Muscle to Muscle

39
Q

What is segmentation controlled by?

In what order are they expressed

A

Hox genes expressed Cranial to Caudal

40
Q

How do hox genes cause physical abornamilties

A

Homeotic mutation causes tissues to alter their normal differentiation pattern, producing integrated structures in unusual locations

41
Q

What is a limb bud ?

Outline the 4 steps of prenatal limb development

A

Mass of mesenchyme covered by ectoderm layer

  1. In week 4, limb buds grow on lateral wall of body
  2. Ectodermal cells at bud tip divide-> Apical Ectodermal Ridge
  3. Limb buds elongate by mesenchyme proliferation
  4. In week 12, Endochondral ossification occurs

MSK (21 decks)

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