Basic Concepts Flashcards by Ronit Hardasani

Name the 3 major components of the MSK System

Bone and joints
Skeletal Muscle
Connective Tissue

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Name 6 functions of skeletal muscle

Locomotion
Posture 
Metabolic
Venous return
Thermogenesis
Continence

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What do Fascia do?

What does Articular Cartilage do?
What does fibrocartilage do?

Compartmentalisation of muscles
Protection

AC- Reduce friction
FC- Shock absorber, Increase bone congruity at joints (Creating a complementary shape of bony surfaces to increase stability)

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What are Bursae and Synovial Membranes?

Include their function

SM- Secrete synovial fluid to lubricate tendons/ joints

Bursae- Sac containing synovial fluid

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What are the functions of the 2 major parts of bone

Collagen 1- Give tensile strength

Calcium Phosphate- Give compressive strength

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State 3 surface features of bone

State functions

Processes- Attach to other bones or muscles/ ligaments
Depressions- On bone surfaces, provide passage for vessels and soft tissues
Openings- Openings which nerves, vessels, lymphatics pass through

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What are 2 kinds of processes on bones

How is one these affected by force exerted

Articulating

Non-Articulaing: Stronger force from muscle-> Larger bony process

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What happens to bone if derived of blood supply?

What is this called and what is the most common cause

Death of bone- Avascular necrosis

Fracture

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List the 4 arteries in the bone

Nutrient artery
Periosteal artery- Supplies outer third of cortical bone
Metaphyseal arteries- In some bone, enter at site of attachment of capsule
Epiphyseal artery

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How does relationship between 2 Arteries change from childhood to adulthood

Child: Metaphyseal arteries don’t cross growth plate so 2ndary ossification centre is dependent only on Epiphyseal Artery

Adulthood: Epiphysis fuses so there is ANASTOMOSIS between the 2 arteries

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Define Joint
Which 2 factors are affected by joints
How do they relate to each other?

An articulation between 2 or more bones
Stabilty AND Range of Movement
Inversely Proportional

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Rank the 3 types of joints from least to most mobile

Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint

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Describe the structure and location of Fibrous joints

Collagen 1 holding bones together

Found where structural strength/ stability is needed

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Describe the structure and location of Cartilaginous joints

Cartilage acts as glue between bones

Found at midline of body and epyhphyseal plates

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Compare the 2 types of Cartiliginous joints

What is one these also called?

Primary: Hyaline cartilage between bones, completely immobile

Secondary: Hyaline cartilage around bones with a layer of fibrocartilage between.
- AKA Symphyses

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Describe the location and structure of Synovial joints

All over skeleton
Bones surrounded by articular cartilage in a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.
Joint is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, which resists dislocation

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Name the 6 types of Synovial joint and their functions

Plane- Where 2 flat surfaces move against each other in 1 plane
Condyloid- No rotation
Saddle- Simultaneous movement in only 2 planes
Hinge- Flexion/ extension in only 1 plane
Pivot- Rotation in a single plane
Ball and Socket- Movement in multiple directions

Describe the embryological development of a synovial joint

Synovial joints form between adjacent cartilage models in the Joint Interzone
Cells at centre of interzone undergo apoptosis-> Joint cavity
Surrounding mesenchyme cells form the Perichondrium-> Periosteum
They also form the joint capsule and surrounding ligaments

What 6 factors affect joint ROM

Structure or shape of articulating bones
Strength and tension of joint ligaments
Arrangement and tone of muscles around the joint
Apposition of neighbouring soft tissues
Effect of hormones
Disuse of a joint

Compare 3 lever types in terms of position of Load, Effort, Fulcrum

Class 1: Effort and Load are on opposite sides of Fulcrum

Class 2: Load lies between Effort being applied and Fulcrum

Class 3: Effort applied is between Fulcrum and Load

How does lever length affect Range of Movement, ROM and Force Generation

Longer= More Force generated, lower displacement of loads

State Hilton’s Law

The nerves supplying the muscle moving the joint also supply the joint capsule, and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

What 2 things can muscles only do?

Muscles can only pull

Muscles can only act on joints that they/ their tendons cross

Define Origin and Insertion

Origin: Is the stationary anchor point and is usually proximal in the limb
Insertion: Is the mobile attachment point and is usually distal in the limb

What are 2 principles of origins and insertions (Other than the definitions)

- Muscle contraction is symmetrical, exerting equal force on the Origin and Insertion - If Insertion point is fixed and Origin is made mobile, Origin and Insertion can become ‘inverted’

What is the principle relating the fibre orientation to muscle action What principle can be derived from this

- The action of a muscle is a function of the orientation of its fibres and the relation of those fibres to its joint - The action of a muscle is a function of the starting point of the joint

State the principle about muscles working together

Muscles work together, never in isolation | The CNS co-ordinates this complex task

Compare the 5 types of muscles

Agonists- Prime muscles responsible for a specific movement Antagonists- Muscles that oppose the prime mover Synergists- Muscles that assist the prime mover Neutralisers- Prevent unwanted actions of a muscle Fixators- Stabilise a joint

Compare the 3 muscle contraction types

Concentric: Muscle shortens as it contracts Eccentric: Muscle lengthens as it contracts Isocentric: Muscle stays same length as it contracts

What is a fascial compartment What is common between muscles in a single compartment

A region of a limb that contains muscles, nerves, blood vessels and is surrounded by deep fascia Usually share same innervation and action

What are the 3 Major divisions of skeletal muscle fibres Name their sub-divisions What is the most common arrangement

Parallel: Strap, Fusiform, Fan-shaped (Triangular) Pennate: Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate Circular Most common- Parallel

Compare the 3 types of Parallel skeletal muscle fibres

Strap: Fibres run longitudinal, parallel to contraction direction Fusiform: Spindle-shaped (Cylindrical, wider in centre) Fan-shaped/ Triangular: Fibres converge at a single point

What do Pennate muscles have | Compare the 3 types of Pennate skeletal muscle fibres

Pennate: Have one or more aponeuroses going through muscle body from tendon Unipennate: All muscle fascicles on same side of tendon Bipennate: One muscle fascicle on either side of tendon Multipennate: Central tendon branches into several, from which fascicles originate

What are circular muscles

Fibres form concentric rings around sphincter or opening

What 4 factors help to predict muscle action

- Where does it attach - how many joints does it cross - How is it related to the joints - Which direction do fibres run in

What is a fascia

A band or sheet of connective tissue

Compare Superficial and Deep Fascia

Superficial: Subcutaneous fat/ Hypodermis Deep: Epimysium of muscle

Compare connections in Tendons, Ligaments, Aponeuroses

Tendons- Bone to muscle Ligaments- Bone to bone Aponeuroses- Muscle to Muscle

What is segmentation controlled by? | In what order are they expressed

Hox genes expressed Cranial to Caudal

How do hox genes cause physical abornamilties

Homeotic mutation causes tissues to alter their normal differentiation pattern, producing integrated structures in unusual locations

What is a limb bud ? | Outline the 4 steps of prenatal limb development

Mass of mesenchyme covered by ectoderm layer 1. In week 4, limb buds grow on lateral wall of body 2. Ectodermal cells at bud tip divide-> Apical Ectodermal Ridge 3. Limb buds elongate by mesenchyme proliferation 4. In week 12, Endochondral ossification occurs