Basic Concepts Flashcards
What is gross anatomy?
Anatomy visualized without the aid of magnification.
- Emphasis on studying body systems
- Shape, location and function of anatomical structures is studied.
Ex. surgery or viewing superficial structures
What is microscopic anatomy?
The study of cells and tissue with a microscope.
- Emphasis on studying body systems
- Shape, location and function of anatomical structures is studied.
What is sectional anatomy?
The study of regions in the body.
- Focusing on the anatomical relationships between the structures in a given section
- Anatomy viewed in “slices’ or sections
- Visualization of entire organ requires multiple sequential slices
- Structural relationships vary depending on the plane of view
When was the first radiograph produced and what did this mark?
1895
The beginning of diagnostic imaging
What is 2D?
Imaging of height and width dimensions
What is 3D?
Imaging in 3 dimensions.
Height, width, length = each plane is 90 degrees to the other.
Describe anatomical position and it’s use.
Used as a standard method to describe patient position and describe location of structures in or on the body consistently.
Patient is erect, facing the observer, feet are flat and directed forward, arms at sides, palms face forward, thumbs away from body.
What is a plane?
An imaginary line that divides the body at any level along a straight axis
What are the three major planes that pass though the body in anatomical position?
Sagittal, axial (transverse) and coronal
What does orthogonal mean?
Form 90 degree angle to each other (right angles)
Describe the sagittal plane?
- vertical that cuts from superior to inferior
- plane enters the body from anterior to posterioror posterior to anterior
- plane divides body into right and left sections
Describe the midsagittal plane?
- passes through midline
- creates EQUAL right and left sides
Describe the parasagittal plane?
- vertical plane dividing the body into UNEQUAL sides
Describe the axial or transverse plane?
- short axis plane across the body
- horizontal plane cutting the body into unequal superior and inferior sections
- plane enters/exits body from anterior to posterior or posterior to anterior
Describe the coronal or frontal plane?
- vertical plane to the body
- plane enters/exits body from right to left OR left to right
- Divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Describe the midaxillary plane?
Equal anterior and posterior sections
Describe the longitudinal plane?
Plane parallel to the long axis of a structure but not necessarily a sagittal plane on the body
Describe the oblique plane?
Plane at an angle between the sagittal and/or transverse and/or coronal planes
Another name for the transverse plane?
Axial
Another name for the coronal plane?
Frontal
What is the acoustic window?
The section of body being viewed by the ultrasound beam emitted by the transducer.
- the location depends on positioning of the transducer
- the window is controlled by the sonographer according to the scanning plane used
- the window size and shape takes the form of the emitted ultrasound beam depending on transducer choice
Anatomical structures are generally viewed in:
- longitudinal planes (show length and depth)
2. transverse planes (show width and depth)
Scanning planes are used for?
- To establish the direction that the US beam enters the body
- Used to identify the portion of anatomy being visualized from a specific direction
- create 2-dimensional ultrasound images
True or false, scanning planes correspond to anatomical planes?
No, not necessarily.
Oblique scans are used to?
Demonstrate the natural lie of organs and other structures (anatomical planes do not optimize structural position in many circumstances)
Right and left refers to?
ALWAYS the side of the patient, not the technologist
Superior?
Towards the head or above another part
Cranial?
Towards the head or above another part
Cephalic?
Towards the head or above another part
Inferior?
Towards the feet or below another structure
Caudal?
Towards the feet or below another structure
Anterior?
Towards the front of the structure or surface
Ventral?
Towards the front of the structure or surface
Posterior?
Towards the back of a structure or surface
Dorsal?
Towards the back of a structure or surface
Medial?
At or towards the midline of the body or structure
Lateral?
At or towards the side of the body or structure
Superficial?
Toward, near or at the body surface
External?
Towards the back of a structure or surface
Deep?
Away from body surface
Internal?
Away from body surface
Proximal?
Part closer to the trunk of the body or the point of attatchment (or closer to heart).
Distal?
Part is farther from the trunk of the body or the point of attatchment (or away from heart).
Ipsilateral?
Structures on same side
Contralateral?
Structures on opposite side
Visceral?
Related to a membrane covering internal organs
Parietal?
Related to a membrane covering body walls
Prone?
Patient lying face down
Supine?
Patient lying face up
Lateral?
Patient lying on the right or left side
Position is titled according to the side touching the table
Lateral decubitus?
True lateral (body 90 degrees from prone or supine)
Position is titled according to the side touching the table
ex. left lateral
Lateral oblique?
Body angled less than 90 degrees from supine or prone position
(position is titled according to the body surface and side touching the table)
ex. left posterior oblique
Erect?
Standing or sitting upright
Semi-erect?
Partially upright (usually partial sitting with back between supine and erect position)
Trendelenburg?
Lying with feet higher than head
Spell the “T-word” patient position?
Trendelenburg
Reverse trendelenburg?
Lying with the feet lower than head
What position is helpful if the patient has trouble breathing in supine?
Reverse trendelenburg
What are body cavities?
Natural spaces containing the internal organs within the body.
What are the functions of body cavities?
- Separates, protects, and supports internal organs
2. Allows movement and expansion of organs (ex. stomach)
What are the main two body cavities?
Dorsal and Ventral
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?
- Cranial
2. Spinal/Vertrebral
Where is the dorsal cavity located?
Posterior and superior to the trunk of the body
Characteristics of the dorsal cavity?
- Associated with the central nervous system
2. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates in cavities
Describe the cranial cavity?
- Contains the brain and associated structures
- Surrounded by the bones of the skull
Another name for the spinal cavity?
Vertrebral cavity
Describe the spinal/vertrebral cavity?
- contains the spinal cord and nerves
- protected by the spinal vertebrae
What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
- Thoracic cavity
2. Abdominopelvic cavity
Where is the ventral cavity located?
Large space located in anterior aspect of the body
What are viscera?
Organs found within the ventral cavity
What divides the Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
The diaphragm
Describe the ventral cavity?
Considerably larger than the dorsal cavity, contains the viscera.
Where is the thoracic cavity located?
Superior portion of the ventral cavity
What organs does the thoracic cavity hold?
The lungs and heart
What body systems is the thoracic cavity associated with?
respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic system, esophugus and thymus
What forms the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
Bones and muscles of the chest, ribcage.
What forms the floor of the thoracic cavity?
The diaphragm
What are the two subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?
- Plural cavities (right and left)
2. Mediastinum
Describe the plural cavities?
Right and left cavities containing the lungs, lined with serous membrane known as the pleural
What is the pleural and what does it do?
Serous membrane that lines the lungs, it reduces friction.
Describe the location/structure of the mediastinum?
- Midline chest cavity between the pleural spaces
- Subdivided into smaller compartments of which most important is pericardial space
Describe the structures contained in the mediastinum?
Heart, great vessels, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, nerves and lymph nodes
What is the pericardial cavity?
Anterior compartment that surrounds the heart
Describe the structure/location of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Large cavity extending from the diaphragm to the pelvis, it is lined with a serous membrane
What are the subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?
- Superior abdominal cavity
2. Inferior pelvic cavity
What divides the abdominal and pelvic cavities?
Nothing (no muscular separation).
Describe the structure/location of the abdominal cavity?
Upper portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, from inferior surface of diaphragm to bony pelvis.
What organs are found in the abdominal cavity?
Stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, gallbladder, liver, small intestine and most of the large intestine
What organs are retroperitoneal and lie on the posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity?
The kidneys, adrenal, part of the pancreas.
Describe the location/structure of the pelvic cavity?
Lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, lies within the bony structure of pelvis, extends from the crest of the iliac crests to the pelvic floor.
What organs/structures are contained in the pelvic cavity?
Bladder, distal ureters, reproductive organs, distal small bowel, sigmoid, rectum, vessels, lymph nodes and more
What are the subdivisions of the pelvic cavity?
- True pelvis
2. False pelvis
What divides the true and false pelvis?
Oblique plain from the sacral promontory to superior surface of symphysis pubis.
What are other names for the ‘true pelvis’?
Pelvic inlet or birth canal.
Describe the location of the true pelvis.
It is the inferior part of the pelvis, the area below the pelvis brim.
What organs are contained in the true pelvis?
Bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
Describe the location of the false pelvis?
Area superior to the pelvic brim and below the iliac crest
What organs/structures are contained in the false pelvis?
Mainly contains different sections of the small intestine and colon (mainly bowel) uterus can extend inside in advanced pregnancy.
Sternal notch?
Anatomical surface landmark located between collar bones, medical and inferior to neck.
Xiphoid process?
The cartilaginous section at the lower end of the sternum, medial to chest.
Subcostal margin?
Lower ribs
Iliac crest?
Top of hip bones
Symphysis pubis
Top of pubic bone
Quadrant method?
- Method of giving generalized location of symptom/pain
- Quadrants are formed by 2 perpendicular lines intersecting at umbilicus.
- Four quadrants created (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ)
Regional method?
- Provides precise descriptions and locations to identify symptoms/pain
- Regions formed by 4 planes, 2 vertical (right and left midclavicular) and 2 horizontal (subcostal and transtubercular)
What does transtubercular mean?
Hip bones that jut out on abdomen.
What is the difference between hypochondrium and hypochondriac?
Nothing, mean the same thing (region inside ribs, left and right)
How many regions are created in the regional method?
Nine
An organ in the right hypochondriac region?
Liver
An organ in the epigastric region?
Stomach, pancreas
An organ in the left hypochondriac?
Spleen
An organ in the right lumbar?
Right kidney
An organ in the left lumbar?
Left kidney
An organ in the right iliac?
Appendix
An organ in the hypogastrium?
Bladder
An organ in the left iliac?
Bowel, ovaries
