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ANPH 205 > Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Anatomy visualized without the aid of magnification.

  • Emphasis on studying body systems
  • Shape, location and function of anatomical structures is studied.

Ex. surgery or viewing superficial structures

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2
Q

What is microscopic anatomy?

A

The study of cells and tissue with a microscope.

  • Emphasis on studying body systems
  • Shape, location and function of anatomical structures is studied.
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3
Q

What is sectional anatomy?

A

The study of regions in the body.

  • Focusing on the anatomical relationships between the structures in a given section
  • Anatomy viewed in “slices’ or sections
  • Visualization of entire organ requires multiple sequential slices
  • Structural relationships vary depending on the plane of view
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4
Q

When was the first radiograph produced and what did this mark?

A

1895

The beginning of diagnostic imaging

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5
Q

What is 2D?

A

Imaging of height and width dimensions

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6
Q

What is 3D?

A

Imaging in 3 dimensions.

Height, width, length = each plane is 90 degrees to the other.

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7
Q

Describe anatomical position and it’s use.

A

Used as a standard method to describe patient position and describe location of structures in or on the body consistently.
Patient is erect, facing the observer, feet are flat and directed forward, arms at sides, palms face forward, thumbs away from body.

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8
Q

What is a plane?

A

An imaginary line that divides the body at any level along a straight axis

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9
Q

What are the three major planes that pass though the body in anatomical position?

A

Sagittal, axial (transverse) and coronal

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10
Q

What does orthogonal mean?

A

Form 90 degree angle to each other (right angles)

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11
Q

Describe the sagittal plane?

A
  • vertical that cuts from superior to inferior
  • plane enters the body from anterior to posterioror posterior to anterior
  • plane divides body into right and left sections
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12
Q

Describe the midsagittal plane?

A
  • passes through midline

- creates EQUAL right and left sides

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13
Q

Describe the parasagittal plane?

A
  • vertical plane dividing the body into UNEQUAL sides
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14
Q

Describe the axial or transverse plane?

A
  • short axis plane across the body
  • horizontal plane cutting the body into unequal superior and inferior sections
  • plane enters/exits body from anterior to posterior or posterior to anterior
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15
Q

Describe the coronal or frontal plane?

A
  • vertical plane to the body
  • plane enters/exits body from right to left OR left to right
  • Divides body into anterior and posterior sections
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16
Q

Describe the midaxillary plane?

A

Equal anterior and posterior sections

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17
Q

Describe the longitudinal plane?

A

Plane parallel to the long axis of a structure but not necessarily a sagittal plane on the body

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18
Q

Describe the oblique plane?

A

Plane at an angle between the sagittal and/or transverse and/or coronal planes

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19
Q

Another name for the transverse plane?

A

Axial

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20
Q

Another name for the coronal plane?

A

Frontal

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21
Q

What is the acoustic window?

A

The section of body being viewed by the ultrasound beam emitted by the transducer.

  • the location depends on positioning of the transducer
  • the window is controlled by the sonographer according to the scanning plane used
  • the window size and shape takes the form of the emitted ultrasound beam depending on transducer choice
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22
Q

Anatomical structures are generally viewed in:

A
  1. longitudinal planes (show length and depth)

2. transverse planes (show width and depth)

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23
Q

Scanning planes are used for?

A
  1. To establish the direction that the US beam enters the body
  2. Used to identify the portion of anatomy being visualized from a specific direction
  3. create 2-dimensional ultrasound images
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24
Q

True or false, scanning planes correspond to anatomical planes?

A

No, not necessarily.

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25
Q

Oblique scans are used to?

A

Demonstrate the natural lie of organs and other structures (anatomical planes do not optimize structural position in many circumstances)

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26
Q

Right and left refers to?

A

ALWAYS the side of the patient, not the technologist

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27
Q

Superior?

A

Towards the head or above another part

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28
Q

Cranial?

A

Towards the head or above another part

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29
Q

Cephalic?

A

Towards the head or above another part

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30
Q

Inferior?

A

Towards the feet or below another structure

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31
Q

Caudal?

A

Towards the feet or below another structure

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32
Q

Anterior?

A

Towards the front of the structure or surface

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33
Q

Ventral?

A

Towards the front of the structure or surface

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34
Q

Posterior?

A

Towards the back of a structure or surface

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35
Q

Dorsal?

A

Towards the back of a structure or surface

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36
Q

Medial?

A

At or towards the midline of the body or structure

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37
Q

Lateral?

A

At or towards the side of the body or structure

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38
Q

Superficial?

A

Toward, near or at the body surface

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39
Q

External?

A

Towards the back of a structure or surface

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40
Q

Deep?

A

Away from body surface

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41
Q

Internal?

A

Away from body surface

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42
Q

Proximal?

A

Part closer to the trunk of the body or the point of attatchment (or closer to heart).

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43
Q

Distal?

A

Part is farther from the trunk of the body or the point of attatchment (or away from heart).

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44
Q

Ipsilateral?

A

Structures on same side

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45
Q

Contralateral?

A

Structures on opposite side

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46
Q

Visceral?

A

Related to a membrane covering internal organs

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47
Q

Parietal?

A

Related to a membrane covering body walls

48
Q

Prone?

A

Patient lying face down

49
Q

Supine?

A

Patient lying face up

50
Q

Lateral?

A

Patient lying on the right or left side

Position is titled according to the side touching the table

51
Q

Lateral decubitus?

A

True lateral (body 90 degrees from prone or supine)
Position is titled according to the side touching the table
ex. left lateral

52
Q

Lateral oblique?

A

Body angled less than 90 degrees from supine or prone position
(position is titled according to the body surface and side touching the table)
ex. left posterior oblique

53
Q

Erect?

A

Standing or sitting upright

54
Q

Semi-erect?

A

Partially upright (usually partial sitting with back between supine and erect position)

55
Q

Trendelenburg?

A

Lying with feet higher than head

56
Q

Spell the “T-word” patient position?

A

Trendelenburg

57
Q

Reverse trendelenburg?

A

Lying with the feet lower than head

58
Q

What position is helpful if the patient has trouble breathing in supine?

A

Reverse trendelenburg

59
Q

What are body cavities?

A

Natural spaces containing the internal organs within the body.

60
Q

What are the functions of body cavities?

A
  1. Separates, protects, and supports internal organs

2. Allows movement and expansion of organs (ex. stomach)

61
Q

What are the main two body cavities?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

62
Q

What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?

A
  1. Cranial

2. Spinal/Vertrebral

63
Q

Where is the dorsal cavity located?

A

Posterior and superior to the trunk of the body

64
Q

Characteristics of the dorsal cavity?

A
  1. Associated with the central nervous system

2. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates in cavities

65
Q

Describe the cranial cavity?

A
  • Contains the brain and associated structures

- Surrounded by the bones of the skull

66
Q

Another name for the spinal cavity?

A

Vertrebral cavity

67
Q

Describe the spinal/vertrebral cavity?

A
  • contains the spinal cord and nerves

- protected by the spinal vertebrae

68
Q

What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

A
  1. Thoracic cavity

2. Abdominopelvic cavity

69
Q

Where is the ventral cavity located?

A

Large space located in anterior aspect of the body

70
Q

What are viscera?

A

Organs found within the ventral cavity

71
Q

What divides the Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

A

The diaphragm

72
Q

Describe the ventral cavity?

A

Considerably larger than the dorsal cavity, contains the viscera.

73
Q

Where is the thoracic cavity located?

A

Superior portion of the ventral cavity

74
Q

What organs does the thoracic cavity hold?

A

The lungs and heart

75
Q

What body systems is the thoracic cavity associated with?

A

respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic system, esophugus and thymus

76
Q

What forms the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A

Bones and muscles of the chest, ribcage.

77
Q

What forms the floor of the thoracic cavity?

A

The diaphragm

78
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. Plural cavities (right and left)

2. Mediastinum

79
Q

Describe the plural cavities?

A

Right and left cavities containing the lungs, lined with serous membrane known as the pleural

80
Q

What is the pleural and what does it do?

A

Serous membrane that lines the lungs, it reduces friction.

81
Q

Describe the location/structure of the mediastinum?

A
  • Midline chest cavity between the pleural spaces

- Subdivided into smaller compartments of which most important is pericardial space

82
Q

Describe the structures contained in the mediastinum?

A

Heart, great vessels, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, nerves and lymph nodes

83
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

Anterior compartment that surrounds the heart

84
Q

Describe the structure/location of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Large cavity extending from the diaphragm to the pelvis, it is lined with a serous membrane

85
Q

What are the subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  1. Superior abdominal cavity

2. Inferior pelvic cavity

86
Q

What divides the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

A

Nothing (no muscular separation).

87
Q

Describe the structure/location of the abdominal cavity?

A

Upper portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, from inferior surface of diaphragm to bony pelvis.

88
Q

What organs are found in the abdominal cavity?

A

Stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, gallbladder, liver, small intestine and most of the large intestine

89
Q

What organs are retroperitoneal and lie on the posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity?

A

The kidneys, adrenal, part of the pancreas.

90
Q

Describe the location/structure of the pelvic cavity?

A

Lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, lies within the bony structure of pelvis, extends from the crest of the iliac crests to the pelvic floor.

91
Q

What organs/structures are contained in the pelvic cavity?

A

Bladder, distal ureters, reproductive organs, distal small bowel, sigmoid, rectum, vessels, lymph nodes and more

92
Q

What are the subdivisions of the pelvic cavity?

A
  1. True pelvis

2. False pelvis

93
Q

What divides the true and false pelvis?

A

Oblique plain from the sacral promontory to superior surface of symphysis pubis.

94
Q

What are other names for the ‘true pelvis’?

A

Pelvic inlet or birth canal.

95
Q

Describe the location of the true pelvis.

A

It is the inferior part of the pelvis, the area below the pelvis brim.

96
Q

What organs are contained in the true pelvis?

A

Bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

97
Q

Describe the location of the false pelvis?

A

Area superior to the pelvic brim and below the iliac crest

98
Q

What organs/structures are contained in the false pelvis?

A

Mainly contains different sections of the small intestine and colon (mainly bowel) uterus can extend inside in advanced pregnancy.

99
Q

Sternal notch?

A

Anatomical surface landmark located between collar bones, medical and inferior to neck.

100
Q

Xiphoid process?

A

The cartilaginous section at the lower end of the sternum, medial to chest.

101
Q

Subcostal margin?

A

Lower ribs

102
Q

Iliac crest?

A

Top of hip bones

103
Q

Symphysis pubis

A

Top of pubic bone

104
Q

Quadrant method?

A
  • Method of giving generalized location of symptom/pain
  • Quadrants are formed by 2 perpendicular lines intersecting at umbilicus.
  • Four quadrants created (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ)
105
Q

Regional method?

A
  • Provides precise descriptions and locations to identify symptoms/pain
  • Regions formed by 4 planes, 2 vertical (right and left midclavicular) and 2 horizontal (subcostal and transtubercular)
106
Q

What does transtubercular mean?

A

Hip bones that jut out on abdomen.

107
Q

What is the difference between hypochondrium and hypochondriac?

A

Nothing, mean the same thing (region inside ribs, left and right)

108
Q

How many regions are created in the regional method?

A

Nine

109
Q

An organ in the right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver

110
Q

An organ in the epigastric region?

A

Stomach, pancreas

111
Q

An organ in the left hypochondriac?

A

Spleen

112
Q

An organ in the right lumbar?

A

Right kidney

113
Q

An organ in the left lumbar?

A

Left kidney

114
Q

An organ in the right iliac?

A

Appendix

115
Q

An organ in the hypogastrium?

A

Bladder

116
Q

An organ in the left iliac?

A

Bowel, ovaries

ANPH 205 (6 decks)

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