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EMS 204 > Basic Chemistry > Flashcards

Basic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

The fundamental chemical unit.

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2
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle within the nucleus of an atom.

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3
Q

Neutron

A

Electrically neutral particle within the nucleus of an atom.

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4
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

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5
Q

What is an electrically neutral atom?

A

An atom that has the same number of protons and electrons.

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6
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be separated into two simpler substances.

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7
Q

True or False: An element can be broken into simpler substances by naturally occurring processes.

A

False.

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8
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom that defines the element.

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9
Q

Isotope

A

A variant of the same element, having the same number of protons but varying in the number of neutrons.

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10
Q

Mass Number

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

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11
Q

Radioactive Isotope

A

An atom with an unstable nucleus that breaks down and emits radiation.

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12
Q

Radioactive Decay

A

The breakdown of the nucleus of an unstable atom, resulting in the emission of radiation.

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13
Q

Half-life

A

The time it takes for the parent isotope to decrease by one half.

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14
Q

Orbital

A

A specific region within which an electron rotates around the nucleus of an atom. Each orbital has a specific shape and can hold two or more electrons.

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15
Q

Electron Shells

A

Levels of orbitals within which electrons rotate around the nucleus of an atom.

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16
Q

True or False: Electron shells are defined based on their distance from the nucleus and are numbered starting with the farthest shell from the nucleus.

A

False. They are numbered starting with the closest shell to the nucleus.

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17
Q

What is the progression of the number of electrons that an electron shell can hold, starting with the first shell?

A

2, 8, 18, 32, 50.

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18
Q

Valence Shell

A

The outermost electron shell of an atom.

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19
Q

When is an atom the most stable?

A

When the valence shell is full.

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20
Q

What are the six noble gasses?

A

Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.

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21
Q

Covalent Bond

A

The force holding atoms together that results when atoms share electrons.

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22
Q

Molecule

A

A substance made up of atoms held together by one or more covalent bonds.

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23
Q

True or False: Covalent bonds are the strongest bonds of the three types of chemical bonds.

A

True.

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24
Q

Ion

A

An atom or molecule that has acquired an electrical charge by either gaining or losing one or more electrons.

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25
Q

Cation

A

An atom or molecule that has lost electrons and thus gained a positive charge.

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26
Q

Anion

A

An atom or molecule that has gained electrons and thus has a negative charge.

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27
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A bond between an atom or molecule with a negative charge and one with a positive charge.

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28
Q

Metallic Elements

A

Elements that tend to lose electrons.

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29
Q

Nonmetallic Elements

A

Elements that tend to gain electrons.

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30
Q

Polar Bond

A

An unequal covalent bond; a bond in which the sharing of electrons is unequal.

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31
Q

Polar Molecule

A

A molecule formed with a polar bond, in which different parts of the same molecule have a different charge.

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32
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak bond formed by the attraction between a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and a slightly negatively charged oxygen atom, as between H2O molecules.

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33
Q

List the three chemical bonds by strength levels from from strongest to weakest.

A

Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds.

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34
Q

Inorganic Chemicals

A

Chemicals that do not contain the element carbon.

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35
Q

Organic Chemicals

A

Chemicals that contain the element carbon.

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36
Q

What element can be found in all organic chemicals?

A

Carbon.

37
Q

What are the six elements that make up approximately 98% of the body weight of most living organisms?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

38
Q

What are the four major elements of living systems?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.

39
Q

Compound

A

The union of two or more elements.

40
Q

What are the four major compounds of living systems?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), and lipids.

41
Q

What are the four major classes of biological chemicals?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), and lipids.

42
Q

What are the three monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

43
Q

What are the three disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (glucose and fructose), lactose (glucose and galactose), and maltose (two glucose molecules).

44
Q

What are the three major polysaccharides?

A

Starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

45
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

Occur when two amino acid molecules join and a molecule of water is released.

46
Q

Peptide

A

A protein chain containing less than 10 amino acids.

47
Q

Polypeptide

A

A protein chain containing more than 10 amino acids.

48
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

49
Q

What is the primary level of a protein structure?

A

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

50
Q

What is the secondary level of a protein structure?

A

Formation of alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets in a polypeptide.

51
Q

What is the tertiary level of a protein structure?

A

Overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide (includes contribution from secondary structures).

52
Q

What is the quaternary level of a protein structure?

A

Shape produced by combinations of polypeptides (thus, combinations of tertiary structures).

53
Q

Denaturation

A

The loss of a protein’s three-dimensional shape.

54
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction.

55
Q

Substrate

A

The substance an enzyme works on.

56
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A

An enzyme and the substrate it is bound to and working on.

57
Q

Cofactor

A

A non-protein substance that aids in the conversion of substrate to end product.

58
Q

Coenzyme

A

An organic cofactor; like a vitamin.

59
Q

Dioxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

The nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for life.

60
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

A chemical similar to DNA that plays a major role in protein synthesis, serving as a template for protein synthesis.

61
Q

Nucleotide

A

A five-carbon sugar molecule that is bound to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group that serves as the fundamental building block of nucleic acids.

62
Q

What are the five nitrogen bases?

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine (found in DNA only), and uracil (found in RNA only).

63
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

The principal source of energy for most of the energy-using activities of the cells.

64
Q

Lipids

A

Chemicals that do not dissolve in water.

65
Q

Triglycerides

A

Lipids that have one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules that are a rich source of energy for the body.

66
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

A class of triglycerides that have a single bond between carbon atoms, leaving room for two hydrogen atoms.

67
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

A class of triglycerides that have a double bond between carbon atoms, leaving room for only one hydrogen atom.

68
Q

Phsopholipids

A

Lipids that form the membrane that surrounds cells.

69
Q

Steroids

A

A four-carbon cholesterol unit which is a component of plasma membranes and the base for synthesis of most of the steroid class of hormones (estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, and aldosterone).

70
Q

Anabolism

A

The synthesis of steroid compounds by the body.

71
Q

Disassociation Reaction

A

Any reaction in which a compound or molecule breaks apart into separate compounds.

72
Q

Acids

A

Substances that give up protons during a chemical reaction.

73
Q

Bases

A

Substances that acquire protons during a chemical reaction.

74
Q

Acid-Base Reaction

A

Any chemical reaction that results in the transfer of protons.

75
Q

Molarity

A

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

76
Q

Mole

A

A measure of mass or weight (molecular weight).

77
Q

Logarithm

A

A base number that is raised to a certain power.

78
Q

pH Scale

A

The abbreviation for potential of hydrogen; a measure of relative acidity or alkalinity; the lower the pH, the higher the acidity, and the higher the pH, the greater the alkalinity.

79
Q

Buffer

A

A substance dissolved in water that counteracts charges in the pH.

80
Q

Acidosis

A

An excess of acids in the body.

81
Q

Alkalosis

A

An excess of bases in the body.

82
Q

Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders

A

Result from an inequality in carbon dioxide generation in the peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide elimination in the respiratory system.

83
Q

Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders

A

Result from the production of either organic or fixed acids or by conditions that affect the levels of bicarbonate in the ECF.

84
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

Occurs when the respiratory system cannot effectively eliminate all the carbon dioxide generated through metabolic activities in the peripheral tissues.

85
Q

Hypercapnia

A

An elevation in the plasma CO2 levels.

86
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Occurs when the respiratory system eliminates too much carbon dioxide through hyperventilation.

87
Q

Hypocapnia

A

A decrease in the plasma CO2 levels.

88
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

A deficiency of bicarbonates (HCO3-) in the body. Usually resulting from anaerobic metabolism, or lactic acid build-up.

89
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Relatively uncommon; due to an increase in HCO3- levels or a decrease in circulating acids.

EMS 204 (8 decks)

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