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Pre-nursing > Basic body chemistry > Flashcards

Basic body chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

The study of what matter is made of and how it changes

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

What is formed when two or more atoms of different elements are combined?

A

Compound

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3
Q

Water accounts for what fraction of human body weight?

A

2/3

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4
Q

The overall chemical functioning of the body

A

Metabolism

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5
Q

What are the 2 processes of metabolism?

A

Anabolism and Catabolism

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6
Q

What metabolic process involves small molecules combining to form larger ones?

A

Anabolism

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7
Q

What metabolic process involves larger molecules being broken down into smaller ones?

A

Catabolism

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8
Q

How are ions formed?

A

They are released when electrolytes join water

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9
Q

Why are electrolytes critical to proper body functioning?

A

The movement of ions in and out of the body regulates activities

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10
Q

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

A

7

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11
Q

What is the pH of an acidic solution?

A

Greater than 7

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12
Q

What is the pH of a basic/alkaline solution?

A

Less than 7

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13
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

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14
Q

A solution with a higher concentration of hydrogen makes it what?

A

Acidic

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15
Q

The study of matter and chemical reactions in the body

A

Biochemistry

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16
Q

What are the 2 divisions of matter?

A

Organic and inorganic

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17
Q

What type of matter has large particles that contains carbon and hydrogen?

A

Organic

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18
Q

What type of matter is derived from living organisms?

A

Organic

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19
Q

What type of matter has small molecules that are derived from nonliving sources?

A

Inorganic

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20
Q

What are the 4 major classes of organic matter in the human body?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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21
Q

What is the technical term for fats in the body?

A

Lipids

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

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23
Q

What is the purpose of triglycerides?

A

Store energy for cells

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24
Q

What is the purpose of phospholipids?

A

Make cell membranes

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25
Where are triglycerides stored?
In adipose tissue
26
What is the purpose of steroids?
Make cell membranes and hormones
27
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
28
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
29
What is the purpose of DNA?
Stores the genetic information of cells
30
What is the purpose of RNA?
Creates proteins
31
What are the 3 main parts of a cell?
Membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
32
What is the term for the outer boundary of a cell?
Cell membrane
33
What 4 things is the cell membrane composed of?
2 layers of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates
34
What makes up the "inside" of the cell?
Cytoplasm
35
What 4 things make up cytoplasm?
Water, proteins, ions, and nutrients
36
What 8 organelles are housed in cytoplasm?
Cilia, flagellum, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and centrioles
37
What organelle is hair like projections on the outside of the cell membrane?
Cilia
38
What do cilia assist with?
Propelling matter throughout body tracts
39
What organelle is a tail-like structure found on the human sperm cell?
Flagellum
40
What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in conjunction with RNA?
Ribosomes
41
What do ribosomes provide to a forming protein chain?
Support
42
What 2 forms does the endoplasmic reticulum come in?
Rough and smooth
43
What organelle forms networks/passageways to transport substances throughout the cytoplasm?
Endoplasmic reticulum
44
What part of the cell provides energy and cellular oxygen?
MItochondria
45
What organelle processes proteins, produces carbohydrates, and stores secretions?
Golgi apparatus
46
What organelle performs the cells digestive function?
Lysosomes
47
What organelle equally distributes chromosomes to daughter cells?
Centrioles
48
What is considered the center of a cell?
Nucleus
49
What is contained in the nucleus?
Chromosomes
50
The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy
Passive mechanisms
51
The movement of substances across the cell membrane with the use of energy
Active mechanisms
52
How do large molecules move through the cell membrane?
Active transport
53
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Diffusion
54
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
55
The movement of substances across a filter membrane by the use of pressure
Filtration
56
What component of the kidneys acts as filters to separate the components of blood?
Capillaries
57
The movement of substances across the cell membrane from low concentration to high concentration with the help of carrier molecules
Active transport
58
How do carrier molecules help large substances to move through?
By creating channels in the cell membrane
59
How do cells reproduce?
Cell division
60
What is the term for the splitting of cytoplasm?
Cytokinesis
61
What phase is a cell in if it carries out its normal daily functions and is not dividng?
Interphase
62
How does a cell in interphase prepare for division?
By duplicating it's DNA and organelles
63
What is the term for an error that occurred during DNA duplication?
Mutation
64
A section of DNA that contains a code for a specific protein or function?
Gene
65
What are the 4 stages of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
66
What 2 things occur during prophase?
The centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell and form spindle fibers between them
67
What 1 thing happens during metaphase?
The chromosomes line up in the middle on the spindle fibers
68
What 1 thing happens during anaphase?
The chromosomes begin to be pulled toward the centrioles
69
What 2 things happen during telophase?
The chromosomes reach their own sides of the cell and cytokoinesis (splitting of cytoplasm) occurs in the middle
70
How many chromosomes does a cell have after mitosis is completed?
23
71
What is created from meiosis?
Egg and sperm cells
72
What is the primary component of genes?
DNA
73
Group of molecules that form the basic unit of DNA and determine a humans characteristics
Nucleotides

Pre-nursing (4 decks)

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