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Pre-nursing > Basic body chemistry > Flashcards

Basic body chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of what matter is made of and how it changes

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

What is formed when two or more atoms of different elements are combined?

A

Compound

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3
Q

Water accounts for what fraction of human body weight?

A

2/3

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4
Q

The overall chemical functioning of the body

A

Metabolism

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5
Q

What are the 2 processes of metabolism?

A

Anabolism and Catabolism

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6
Q

What metabolic process involves small molecules combining to form larger ones?

A

Anabolism

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7
Q

What metabolic process involves larger molecules being broken down into smaller ones?

A

Catabolism

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8
Q

How are ions formed?

A

They are released when electrolytes join water

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9
Q

Why are electrolytes critical to proper body functioning?

A

The movement of ions in and out of the body regulates activities

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10
Q

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

A

7

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11
Q

What is the pH of an acidic solution?

A

Greater than 7

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12
Q

What is the pH of a basic/alkaline solution?

A

Less than 7

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13
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.4

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14
Q

A solution with a higher concentration of hydrogen makes it what?

A

Acidic

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15
Q

The study of matter and chemical reactions in the body

A

Biochemistry

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16
Q

What are the 2 divisions of matter?

A

Organic and inorganic

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17
Q

What type of matter has large particles that contains carbon and hydrogen?

A

Organic

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18
Q

What type of matter is derived from living organisms?

A

Organic

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19
Q

What type of matter has small molecules that are derived from nonliving sources?

A

Inorganic

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20
Q

What are the 4 major classes of organic matter in the human body?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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21
Q

What is the technical term for fats in the body?

A

Lipids

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

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23
Q

What is the purpose of triglycerides?

A

Store energy for cells

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24
Q

What is the purpose of phospholipids?

A

Make cell membranes

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25
Q

Where are triglycerides stored?

A

In adipose tissue

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26
Q

What is the purpose of steroids?

A

Make cell membranes and hormones

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27
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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28
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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29
Q

What is the purpose of DNA?

A

Stores the genetic information of cells

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30
Q

What is the purpose of RNA?

A

Creates proteins

31
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a cell?

A

Membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

32
Q

What is the term for the outer boundary of a cell?

A

Cell membrane

33
Q

What 4 things is the cell membrane composed of?

A

2 layers of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates

34
Q

What makes up the “inside” of the cell?

A

Cytoplasm

35
Q

What 4 things make up cytoplasm?

A

Water, proteins, ions, and nutrients

36
Q

What 8 organelles are housed in cytoplasm?

A

Cilia, flagellum, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and centrioles

37
Q

What organelle is hair like projections on the outside of the cell membrane?

A

Cilia

38
Q

What do cilia assist with?

A

Propelling matter throughout body tracts

39
Q

What organelle is a tail-like structure found on the human sperm cell?

A

Flagellum

40
Q

What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in conjunction with RNA?

A

Ribosomes

41
Q

What do ribosomes provide to a forming protein chain?

A

Support

42
Q

What 2 forms does the endoplasmic reticulum come in?

A

Rough and smooth

43
Q

What organelle forms networks/passageways to transport substances throughout the cytoplasm?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

What part of the cell provides energy and cellular oxygen?

A

MItochondria

45
Q

What organelle processes proteins, produces carbohydrates, and stores secretions?

A

Golgi apparatus

46
Q

What organelle performs the cells digestive function?

A

Lysosomes

47
Q

What organelle equally distributes chromosomes to daughter cells?

A

Centrioles

48
Q

What is considered the center of a cell?

A

Nucleus

49
Q

What is contained in the nucleus?

A

Chromosomes

50
Q

The movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy

A

Passive mechanisms

51
Q

The movement of substances across the cell membrane with the use of energy

A

Active mechanisms

52
Q

How do large molecules move through the cell membrane?

A

Active transport

53
Q

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration

A

Diffusion

54
Q

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

55
Q

The movement of substances across a filter membrane by the use of pressure

A

Filtration

56
Q

What component of the kidneys acts as filters to separate the components of blood?

A

Capillaries

57
Q

The movement of substances across the cell membrane from low concentration to high concentration with the help of carrier molecules

A

Active transport

58
Q

How do carrier molecules help large substances to move through?

A

By creating channels in the cell membrane

59
Q

How do cells reproduce?

A

Cell division

60
Q

What is the term for the splitting of cytoplasm?

A

Cytokinesis

61
Q

What phase is a cell in if it carries out its normal daily functions and is not dividng?

A

Interphase

62
Q

How does a cell in interphase prepare for division?

A

By duplicating it’s DNA and organelles

63
Q

What is the term for an error that occurred during DNA duplication?

A

Mutation

64
Q

A section of DNA that contains a code for a specific protein or function?

A

Gene

65
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

66
Q

What 2 things occur during prophase?

A

The centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell and form spindle fibers between them

67
Q

What 1 thing happens during metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up in the middle on the spindle fibers

68
Q

What 1 thing happens during anaphase?

A

The chromosomes begin to be pulled toward the centrioles

69
Q

What 2 things happen during telophase?

A

The chromosomes reach their own sides of the cell and cytokoinesis (splitting of cytoplasm) occurs in the middle

70
Q

How many chromosomes does a cell have after mitosis is completed?

A

23

71
Q

What is created from meiosis?

A

Egg and sperm cells

72
Q

What is the primary component of genes?

A

DNA

73
Q

Group of molecules that form the basic unit of DNA and determine a humans characteristics

A

Nucleotides

Pre-nursing (4 decks)

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