Basic Blood

Question 1

What is blood made up of, which cells and what fluid?

Answer 1

Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC) and Thrombocytes (platelets) and protein rich fluid (plasma)

Question 2

What are the functions of blood (3)?

Answer 2

Deliver O2 to tissues and discard CO2
delivery hormones/ immune cells
Mantain homeostasis

Question 3

What is the hematocrit, how is it obtained?

What is the percentage of each component of centrifuged blood?

Answer 3

Hematocrit is the RBC (erythrocytes) after centrifugaiton.
When blood is centrifuged, it divides into 3 sections, 55% plamsa (water, proteins), 1% leukocytes, platelets (middle), 44% erythrocytes, most dense at bottom of tube

Question 4

What consists of blood plasma ?

Answer 4

90% water, 8% proteins **(Albumin), interstitial fluid derived from plasma

Question 5

What are the main proteins in plasma and what is the difference between plasma and serum?

Answer 5

Main proteins are albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

Difference is that serum has no clotting factors (fibrinogen) and plasma does

Question 6

What does plasma protein Albumin (50%) do?

Answer 6

Establishes colloid osmotic pressure (swelling), carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, barbituates

Question 7

What does plasma protein globulins (2) do?

Answer 7

Immunoglobulins (gamagobulins): immune response (antibodies)

Non-immune globulins (alpha/betaglobulins): maintain osmotic pressure & carrier proteins

Question 8

Where are blood cells made and what are the 3 types?

Answer 8

Erythrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC) Thrombocytes (platelets) all made in bone marrow

Question 9

What are the physiological components of erythrocytes?

Answer 9

1. devoid of organelles, biconcave and extremely flexible

Question 10

What do erythrocytes do?

Answer 10

Bind O2 to deliver to tissues and bind CO2 to remove from tissues

Question 11

How long do erythrocytes live, and how are they removed?

Answer 11

They live for 120 days, 1% removed each day by phagocytes

Question 12

What are the size of erythrocytes and how do they line up?

Answer 12

They are between 7-8microm, can fold and squeeze to get places, they’re lined up on top of eachother as a histological ruler

Question 13

What are reticulocytes and when do they become erythrocytes?

Answer 13

Immature RBCs released into circulation with organelles (which you can see under microscope)
mature into erythrocytes in 24-48 hours

Question 14

What is glycophorin C and what does it do?

Answer 14

An erythrocytes cytoskeleton integral membrane protein that attaches the cytockeletal protein network to cell membrane

Question 15

What is Band 3 protein (dimer) and what does it do?

Answer 15

An erythrocytes cytoskeleton integral membrane protein that binds hemoglobin and is the anchor site for cytoskeletal proteins (MOST ABUNDANT)

Question 16

What does a peripheral membrane protein do in the erythrocyte cytockeleton?

Answer 16

creates a latice network intracellularly

Question 17

What is the erythrocyte intracellular latice network composed of ?

Answer 17

heterodimers that form long flexible tetramers, alph spectrin and beta spectrin

Question 18

What does band 4.1 protein complex do in erythrocyte cytoskeleton?

Answer 18

binds to glycophorin C, which anchors spectrin filaments

Question 19

What does ankyrin protein complex (ankryin and band 4.2 protein) do in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton?

Answer 19

binds to band 3 to help anchor spectrim filaments

Question 20

When does anemia occur?

Answer 20

when the cytoskeleton is not properly anchored to the cell causing destruction of RBC
Or insufficient Fe, B12, Folic acid

Question 21

What is hereditary spherocytosis (AD)?

Answer 21

Ankyrin complex, band 4.2 cannot bind to Band 3, resulting in defective anchoring, allowing membran to detach and peel off = spherical erythrocytes

Question 22

What is hereditary elliptocytosis (AD)?

Answer 22

Spectrin to spectrin bonds and spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 are deffective, membrane fails to rebound and elongates = elliptical erythrocytes

Question 23

What can be a cause of Jaundice (yellow appearance of sclera of eye and skin)?

Answer 23

Hemolytic Anemia, from inherited RBC defects to chemicals drugs and microorganisms, inefficiency of a newborn liver

Question 24

What is sickle-cell anemia and what results from it?

Answer 24

point mutation in B-globin chain of hemoglobin A (HbA). changing glutamate to valine

Question 25

What are the 2 types of leukocytes and what does each type consist of?

Answer 25

Granulocytes : neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 26

What does Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas stand for?

Answer 26

Neutrophils are most common 45%
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils (least common 0.5%)

Question 27

What are characteristics of neutrophils and what do they do?

Answer 27

Multilobed (usually 4), nuclei are dark
they function in acute inflammation and tissue injury and secrete enzymes that kill damaged tissues and invading microorganisms

Question 28

What are Azurophilic granules?

Answer 28

neutrophil granules: primary granules: lysosomes contain myelperoxidase

Question 29

What are specific granules?

Answer 29

Neutrohil granules: secondary granules (most abundant): antimicrobial

Question 30

What are tertiary granules?

Answer 30

Neutrophil granules: phophatases and metalloproteinases (help move through connective tissue)

Question 31

What are the characteristics of Eosinophils and what do they do?

Answer 31

They are same size as neutrophils, nuclei are bi-lobed, contain large azurophilic granules
use to kill parasites (eosinophilia) and help with chronic inflammation (allergies)

Question 32

What are the characteristics of Basophils and what do they do?

Answer 32

least numerous, lobed nucleus obscured by granules, fucntion related to mast cells, help with Hay fever and Anaphylaxis!!

Question 33

What are the characteristics of lymphocytes and what do they do?

Answer 33

Range from 6 to 30 microm, large spherical nucleus with light cytoplasm around
immune response (tcell, bcell, nk cells)

Question 34

T cells undergo differentiation where? and Bcells?

Answer 34

t cells in thymus and have long life span, cell mediated immunity
b cells in bone marrow and make antibodies

Question 35

Are t and b cells differtiable in blood smears?

Answer 35

T and B cells are indistinguishable in blood smears and sections (can only see lymphocytes)

Question 36

What are the characteristics of monocytes and what do they do?

Answer 36

Largest WBC, heart shaped/old telephone shaped nucleus. part of mononuclear phagocytotic system

Question 37

What are thrombocytes and what do they do?

Answer 37

small membrane bound, derived from megakaryocytes, break off and seep into blood vessel to control bleeding

Question 38

What do platlets (thrombocytes) release when there’s a cut in the skin?

Answer 38

1. Serotonin (vasconstrictor) reduces blood flow

2. ADP and thromboxane A2 forms 1st hemostatic plug (platelets)

Question 39

What do platelets provide a surface for?

Answer 39

conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin which is the 2nd hemostatic plug.