Basic Blood Flashcards
What is blood made up of, which cells and what fluid?
Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC) and Thrombocytes (platelets) and protein rich fluid (plasma)
What are the functions of blood (3)?
Deliver O2 to tissues and discard CO2
delivery hormones/ immune cells
Mantain homeostasis
What is the hematocrit, how is it obtained?
What is the percentage of each component of centrifuged blood?
Hematocrit is the RBC (erythrocytes) after centrifugaiton.
When blood is centrifuged, it divides into 3 sections, 55% plamsa (water, proteins), 1% leukocytes, platelets (middle), 44% erythrocytes, most dense at bottom of tube
What consists of blood plasma ?
90% water, 8% proteins **(Albumin), interstitial fluid derived from plasma
What are the main proteins in plasma and what is the difference between plasma and serum?
Main proteins are albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
Difference is that serum has no clotting factors (fibrinogen) and plasma does
What does plasma protein Albumin (50%) do?
Establishes colloid osmotic pressure (swelling), carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, barbituates
What does plasma protein globulins (2) do?
Immunoglobulins (gamagobulins): immune response (antibodies)
Non-immune globulins (alpha/betaglobulins): maintain osmotic pressure & carrier proteins
Where are blood cells made and what are the 3 types?
Erythrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC) Thrombocytes (platelets) all made in bone marrow
What are the physiological components of erythrocytes?
- devoid of organelles, biconcave and extremely flexible
What do erythrocytes do?
Bind O2 to deliver to tissues and bind CO2 to remove from tissues
How long do erythrocytes live, and how are they removed?
They live for 120 days, 1% removed each day by phagocytes
What are the size of erythrocytes and how do they line up?
They are between 7-8microm, can fold and squeeze to get places, they’re lined up on top of eachother as a histological ruler
What are reticulocytes and when do they become erythrocytes?
Immature RBCs released into circulation with organelles (which you can see under microscope)
mature into erythrocytes in 24-48 hours
What is glycophorin C and what does it do?
An erythrocytes cytoskeleton integral membrane protein that attaches the cytockeletal protein network to cell membrane
What is Band 3 protein (dimer) and what does it do?
An erythrocytes cytoskeleton integral membrane protein that binds hemoglobin and is the anchor site for cytoskeletal proteins (MOST ABUNDANT)
What does a peripheral membrane protein do in the erythrocyte cytockeleton?
creates a latice network intracellularly
What is the erythrocyte intracellular latice network composed of ?
heterodimers that form long flexible tetramers, alph spectrin and beta spectrin
What does band 4.1 protein complex do in erythrocyte cytoskeleton?
binds to glycophorin C, which anchors spectrin filaments
What does ankyrin protein complex (ankryin and band 4.2 protein) do in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton?
binds to band 3 to help anchor spectrim filaments
When does anemia occur?
when the cytoskeleton is not properly anchored to the cell causing destruction of RBC
Or insufficient Fe, B12, Folic acid
What is hereditary spherocytosis (AD)?
Ankyrin complex, band 4.2 cannot bind to Band 3, resulting in defective anchoring, allowing membran to detach and peel off = spherical erythrocytes
What is hereditary elliptocytosis (AD)?
Spectrin to spectrin bonds and spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 are deffective, membrane fails to rebound and elongates = elliptical erythrocytes
What can be a cause of Jaundice (yellow appearance of sclera of eye and skin)?
Hemolytic Anemia, from inherited RBC defects to chemicals drugs and microorganisms, inefficiency of a newborn liver
What is sickle-cell anemia and what results from it?
point mutation in B-globin chain of hemoglobin A (HbA). changing glutamate to valine
What are the 2 types of leukocytes and what does each type consist of?
Granulocytes : neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
What does Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas stand for?
Neutrophils are most common 45% Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils (least common 0.5%)
What are characteristics of neutrophils and what do they do?
Multilobed (usually 4), nuclei are dark
they function in acute inflammation and tissue injury and secrete enzymes that kill damaged tissues and invading microorganisms
What are Azurophilic granules?
neutrophil granules: primary granules: lysosomes contain myelperoxidase
What are specific granules?
Neutrohil granules: secondary granules (most abundant): antimicrobial
What are tertiary granules?
Neutrophil granules: phophatases and metalloproteinases (help move through connective tissue)
What are the characteristics of Eosinophils and what do they do?
They are same size as neutrophils, nuclei are bi-lobed, contain large azurophilic granules
use to kill parasites (eosinophilia) and help with chronic inflammation (allergies)
What are the characteristics of Basophils and what do they do?
least numerous, lobed nucleus obscured by granules, fucntion related to mast cells, help with Hay fever and Anaphylaxis!!
What are the characteristics of lymphocytes and what do they do?
Range from 6 to 30 microm, large spherical nucleus with light cytoplasm around immune response (tcell, bcell, nk cells)
T cells undergo differentiation where? and Bcells?
t cells in thymus and have long life span, cell mediated immunity
b cells in bone marrow and make antibodies
Are t and b cells differtiable in blood smears?
T and B cells are indistinguishable in blood smears and sections (can only see lymphocytes)
What are the characteristics of monocytes and what do they do?
Largest WBC, heart shaped/old telephone shaped nucleus. part of mononuclear phagocytotic system
What are thrombocytes and what do they do?
small membrane bound, derived from megakaryocytes, break off and seep into blood vessel to control bleeding
What do platlets (thrombocytes) release when there’s a cut in the skin?
- Serotonin (vasconstrictor) reduces blood flow
2. ADP and thromboxane A2 forms 1st hemostatic plug (platelets)
What do platelets provide a surface for?
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin which is the 2nd hemostatic plug.
