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Microbiology > Basic bacteriology > Flashcards

Basic bacteriology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Smallest bacteria

A

Mycoplasma sp.

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2
Q

Largest medically-impt bacteria

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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3
Q

Kills bacteria by cleaving NAG and NAM

A

Lysozymes

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4
Q

Small hydrophilic molecules in bacterial cell wall that allow entry of essential substances

A

Porin proteins

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5
Q

Present in gram (+) but not in (-)

A

teichoic acid

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6
Q

Present in gram (-) but not in (+)

A

LPS

Periplasmic space

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7
Q

Peptidoglycan layer in gram (+) is ___ than gram (-)

A

thicker

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8
Q

Lipopolysaccharide present in outer membrane of gram (-)

A

endotoxin

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9
Q

All gram (+) have NO endotoxin except for ___

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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10
Q

Reagent for gram staining step 1 (primary stain)

A

Crystal violet

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11
Q

Reagent for GS step 2 (mordant)

A

Iodine

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12
Q

Reagent of GS Step 3 (decolorizing)

A

Acetone

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13
Q

Reagent for GS step 4 (counterstain)

A

Safranin

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14
Q

Bacteria not seen in GS

These rascals may microscopically lack color

A 
Treponema
Rickettsia
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia
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15
Q

Visualization of mycobacteriae

A

acid-fast stain

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16
Q

Visualization of spirochetes

A

Dark field microscopy

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17
Q

Visualization of Mycoplasma spp.

A

none (serologies)

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18
Q

Visualization of Legionella spp.

A

Silver stain

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19
Q

Visualization of Chlamydiae

A

Giemsa stain (inclusion bodies)

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20
Q

Visualization of Rickettsiae

A

Giemsa / tissue stains

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21
Q

Reagent that stains red in acid-fast stain

A

Carbofuschin

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22
Q

Essential components of bacteria

A 
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic membrane
Ribosome
Nucleoid
Mesosome
Periplasm
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23
Q

Polysaccharide protecting against phagocytosis

A

Capsule

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24
Q

Glycoprotein for attachment and conjugation

A

Pilus/ fimbria

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25
Q

Polysaccharides that mediates adherence to surfaces (biofilms)

A

Glycocalyx

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26
Q

Protein for motility

A

Flagellum

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27
Q

Dipicolinic acid that causes resistance to heat and chemicals

A

Spore

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28
Q

DNA for antibx resistance and toxins

A

Plasmid

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29
Q

Site of nutrients in cytoplasm

A

Granule

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30
Q

Bacteria that has a capsule that contains protein (polypeptide of D-glutamate)

A

Bacillus anthracis

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31
Q

Formed by gram (+) rods

A

Spores

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32
Q

Organism that produces biofilms

A

S. epidermidis

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33
Q

2 spore-forming bacillus

A

B. cereus

B. anthracis

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34
Q

4 spore-forming clostridium

A

C. tetani
C. botulinum
C. difficile
C. perfringens

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35
Q

Prerequisite for sporulation

A

DNA replication

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36
Q

Extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating INDEPENDENTLY of bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmid

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37
Q

Type of plasmid that contains sex pilus

A

Transmissible

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38
Q

Process where degradative enzymes cleans up environmental hazards

A

Bioremediation

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39
Q

Phases of bacterial growth curve

A

Lag phase
Log phase
Maximum stationary phase
Decline/ death phase

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40
Q

3 oxidative enzymes

A

Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Peroxidase

41
Q

Bacteria completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-generation

A

Obligate aerobes

42
Q

Anaerobic bacteria w/ SOD; capable of living at

A

Microaerophiles

43
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteria
Leptospira

A

Obligate aerobes

44
Q

Helicobacter

A

Microaerophiles

45
Q

Mycoplasma (non-pneumoniae)

A

Facultative anaerobe

46
Q

Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

A

Obligate anaerobes

47
Q

Nuclear DNA: linear; bacterial DNA: _____

A

circular

48
Q

Movement of genes from inactive to active sites of transcription

A

Programmed rearrangement

49
Q

Organism causing relapsing fever by programmed rearrangement; causes antigenic variation

A

Borrelia recurrentis

50
Q

DNA transfer by transposons occurs where?

A

WITHIN bacterial cells

51
Q

3 most common transfer procedures BETWEEN bacterial cells

A

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation

52
Q

DNA (replicative) transfer from one bacterium to another; involves prokaryotes

A

Conjugation

53
Q

DNA transfer mediated by virus (bacteriophage) from one cell to another; involves prokaryotes

A

Transduction

54
Q

2 cycles involved in transduction

A

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

55
Q

Phage-acquired infection caused by lysogenized S. pyogenes

A

Scarlet fever

56
Q

Process wherein purified DNA taken up by a cell; involves both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

A

Transformation

57
Q

Experiment involving heat-killed encapsulated and living non-encapsulated organisms demonstrating transformation

A

Griffith’s experiment

58
Q

3 types of molecular changes in mutations

A

Base substitution
Frameshift mutation
Transposons/ insertion sequences

59
Q

Base substitution that does not change AA

A

Silence

60
Q

Base substitution resulting in a diff AA (e.g. sickle cell)

A

Missense

61
Q

Base substitution involving stop codon

A

Nonsense

62
Q

Occurs when normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding

A

Colonization resistance

63
Q

Normal flora on the skin

A

S. epidermidis

64
Q

Normal flora on the nose

A

S. aureus

65
Q

Normal flora on the mouth

A

Viridans streptococci

66
Q

Normal flora causing dental plaque

A

S. mutans

67
Q

Normal flora on the colon

A

Bacteroides (obligate anaerobe)

> Escherichia coli (facultative anaerobe)

68
Q

Normal flora on the vagina

A

L. acidophillus
E. coli
Strep. agalactiae
L. vaginalis

69
Q

Surface CHON in Salmonella and E. Coli that mediates binding to endothelium and extracellular CHON

A

Curli

70
Q

Enzymes known as spreading factors to subcutaneous tissue

A

collagenase

hyaluronidase

71
Q

Enzyme that accelerates formation of fibrin clot coating the organism w/ layer of protein

A

Coagulase

72
Q

Enzyme the allows adherence to mucous membranes of the resp tract, GIT and GUT

A

IgA protease

73
Q

Enzyme destroying both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages

A

Leukocidin

74
Q

Bacteria w/ IgA protease

A

Strep pneumoniae
H. influenzae
N. meningitidis
N. gonorrheae

75
Q

common virulence factors

A

Polysaccharide capsule
Cell wall CHONs
Exotoxins
Endotoxins

76
Q

Process wherein anticapsular Abs allow more effective phagocytosis to occur

A

Opsonization

77
Q

Protein of S. pyogenes

A

M protein

78
Q

Protein of S. aureus

A

Protein A

79
Q

Active subunit of exotoxin

A

A subunit

80
Q

Binding subunit of exotoxin

A

B subunit

81
Q

All exotoxins are heat-labile except ____

A

staphylococcal exotoxin

82
Q

MOAs of exotoxins

A

ADP-ribosylation
Superantigen
Protease
Lecithinase

83
Q

Chemistry of exotoxin

A

Polypeptide

84
Q

Chemistry of endotoxin

A

LPS

85
Q

Endotoxins are heat-stable at ____ celsius for 1 hr

A

100

86
Q

Most lethal exotoxins

A

Tetanus

Botulism

87
Q

Toxin component of LPS

A

Lipid A

88
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokines overproduced in LPS

A

TNF

IL-1

89
Q

What is activated in Lipid A that causes DIC?

A

tissue factor

90
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitors

A

Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam

91
Q

Collection of bacteria on top of surface joined by glycocalyx

A

Biofilm

92
Q

Phase in bacterial growth curve where the B-lactam antibx act

A

Phase 2: Log/ Exponential phase

93
Q

Serologic test determining Abs in the patient’s serum

A

Western blot

94
Q

Serologic test detecting antigens in tissues or body fluids

A

ELISA

95
Q

(+) Serologic test is confirmed when there is ____fold increase in titer b/w acute and convalescent samples

A

4

96
Q

Examples of molecular tests (highly sp, quite sn; faster than culture)

A

PCR

DNA probe

97
Q

Dx test for Chlamydia and Mycobacterium spp.

A

Molecular tests

98
Q

Three shapes of bacteria

A

cocci
bacilli
sphirochetes

Microbiology (9 decks)

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