Basic bacteriology Flashcards
1
Q
Smallest bacteria
A
Mycoplasma sp.
2
Q
Largest medically-impt bacteria
A
Borrelia burgdorferi
3
Q
Kills bacteria by cleaving NAG and NAM
A
Lysozymes
4
Q
Small hydrophilic molecules in bacterial cell wall that allow entry of essential substances
A
Porin proteins
5
Q
Present in gram (+) but not in (-)
A
teichoic acid
6
Q
Present in gram (-) but not in (+)
A
LPS
Periplasmic space
7
Q
Peptidoglycan layer in gram (+) is ___ than gram (-)
A
thicker
8
Q
Lipopolysaccharide present in outer membrane of gram (-)
A
endotoxin
9
Q
All gram (+) have NO endotoxin except for ___
A
Listeria monocytogenes
10
Q
Reagent for gram staining step 1 (primary stain)
A
Crystal violet
11
Q
Reagent for GS step 2 (mordant)
A
Iodine
12
Q
Reagent of GS Step 3 (decolorizing)
A
Acetone
13
Q
Reagent for GS step 4 (counterstain)
A
Safranin
14
Q
Bacteria not seen in GS
These rascals may microscopically lack color
A
Treponema Rickettsia Mycobacteria Mycoplasma Legionella Chlamydia
15
Q
Visualization of mycobacteriae
A
acid-fast stain
16
Q
Visualization of spirochetes
A
Dark field microscopy
17
Q
Visualization of Mycoplasma spp.
A
none (serologies)
18
Q
Visualization of Legionella spp.
A
Silver stain
19
Q
Visualization of Chlamydiae
A
Giemsa stain (inclusion bodies)
20
Q
Visualization of Rickettsiae
A
Giemsa / tissue stains
21
Q
Reagent that stains red in acid-fast stain
A
Carbofuschin
22
Q
Essential components of bacteria
A
Cell wall Cytoplasmic membrane Ribosome Nucleoid Mesosome Periplasm
23
Q
Polysaccharide protecting against phagocytosis
A
Capsule
24
Q
Glycoprotein for attachment and conjugation
A
Pilus/ fimbria
25
Polysaccharides that mediates adherence to surfaces (biofilms)
Glycocalyx
26
Protein for motility
Flagellum
27
Dipicolinic acid that causes resistance to heat and chemicals
Spore
28
DNA for antibx resistance and toxins
Plasmid
29
Site of nutrients in cytoplasm
Granule
30
Bacteria that has a capsule that contains protein (polypeptide of D-glutamate)
Bacillus anthracis
31
Formed by gram (+) rods
Spores
32
Organism that produces biofilms
S. epidermidis
33
2 spore-forming bacillus
B. cereus
| B. anthracis
34
4 spore-forming clostridium
C. tetani
C. botulinum
C. difficile
C. perfringens
35
Prerequisite for sporulation
DNA replication
36
Extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating INDEPENDENTLY of bacterial chromosome
Plasmid
37
Type of plasmid that contains sex pilus
Transmissible
38
Process where degradative enzymes cleans up environmental hazards
Bioremediation
39
Phases of bacterial growth curve
Lag phase
Log phase
Maximum stationary phase
Decline/ death phase
40
3 oxidative enzymes
Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Peroxidase
41
Bacteria completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-generation
Obligate aerobes
42
Anaerobic bacteria w/ SOD; capable of living at
Microaerophiles
43
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteria
Leptospira
Obligate aerobes
44
Helicobacter
Microaerophiles
45
Mycoplasma (non-pneumoniae)
Facultative anaerobe
46
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium
Obligate anaerobes
47
Nuclear DNA: linear; bacterial DNA: _____
circular
48
Movement of genes from inactive to active sites of transcription
Programmed rearrangement
49
Organism causing relapsing fever by programmed rearrangement; causes antigenic variation
Borrelia recurrentis
50
DNA transfer by transposons occurs where?
WITHIN bacterial cells
51
3 most common transfer procedures BETWEEN bacterial cells
Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation
52
DNA (replicative) transfer from one bacterium to another; involves prokaryotes
Conjugation
53
DNA transfer mediated by virus (bacteriophage) from one cell to another; involves prokaryotes
Transduction
54
2 cycles involved in transduction
Lytic cycle
| Lysogenic cycle
55
Phage-acquired infection caused by lysogenized S. pyogenes
Scarlet fever
56
Process wherein purified DNA taken up by a cell; involves both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
Transformation
57
Experiment involving heat-killed encapsulated and living non-encapsulated organisms demonstrating transformation
Griffith's experiment
58
3 types of molecular changes in mutations
Base substitution
Frameshift mutation
Transposons/ insertion sequences
59
Base substitution that does not change AA
Silence
60
Base substitution resulting in a diff AA (e.g. sickle cell)
Missense
61
Base substitution involving stop codon
Nonsense
62
Occurs when normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding
Colonization resistance
63
Normal flora on the skin
S. epidermidis
64
Normal flora on the nose
S. aureus
65
Normal flora on the mouth
Viridans streptococci
66
Normal flora causing dental plaque
S. mutans
67
Normal flora on the colon
Bacteroides (obligate anaerobe)
| > Escherichia coli (facultative anaerobe)
68
Normal flora on the vagina
L. acidophillus
E. coli
Strep. agalactiae
L. vaginalis
69
Surface CHON in Salmonella and E. Coli that mediates binding to endothelium and extracellular CHON
Curli
70
Enzymes known as spreading factors to subcutaneous tissue
collagenase
| hyaluronidase
71
Enzyme that accelerates formation of fibrin clot coating the organism w/ layer of protein
Coagulase
72
Enzyme the allows adherence to mucous membranes of the resp tract, GIT and GUT
IgA protease
73
Enzyme destroying both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages
Leukocidin
74
Bacteria w/ IgA protease
Strep pneumoniae
H. influenzae
N. meningitidis
N. gonorrheae
75
common virulence factors
Polysaccharide capsule
Cell wall CHONs
Exotoxins
Endotoxins
76
Process wherein anticapsular Abs allow more effective phagocytosis to occur
Opsonization
77
Protein of S. pyogenes
M protein
78
Protein of S. aureus
Protein A
79
Active subunit of exotoxin
A subunit
80
Binding subunit of exotoxin
B subunit
81
All exotoxins are heat-labile except ____
staphylococcal exotoxin
82
MOAs of exotoxins
ADP-ribosylation
Superantigen
Protease
Lecithinase
83
Chemistry of exotoxin
Polypeptide
84
Chemistry of endotoxin
LPS
85
Endotoxins are heat-stable at ____ celsius for 1 hr
100
86
Most lethal exotoxins
Tetanus
| Botulism
87
Toxin component of LPS
Lipid A
88
Pro-inflammatory cytokines overproduced in LPS
TNF
| IL-1
89
What is activated in Lipid A that causes DIC?
tissue factor
90
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam
91
Collection of bacteria on top of surface joined by glycocalyx
Biofilm
92
Phase in bacterial growth curve where the B-lactam antibx act
Phase 2: Log/ Exponential phase
93
Serologic test determining Abs in the patient's serum
Western blot
94
Serologic test detecting antigens in tissues or body fluids
ELISA
95
(+) Serologic test is confirmed when there is ____fold increase in titer b/w acute and convalescent samples
4
96
Examples of molecular tests (highly sp, quite sn; faster than culture)
PCR
| DNA probe
97
Dx test for Chlamydia and Mycobacterium spp.
Molecular tests
98
Three shapes of bacteria
cocci
bacilli
sphirochetes
