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First Aid STEP 1 - Microbiology > Basic Bacteriology > Flashcards

Basic Bacteriology Flashcards

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1
Q

What of part of the bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A

outer membrane (gram negative)

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2
Q

What contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins?

A

plasmid

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3
Q

What allows for adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces?

A

glycocalyx

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4
Q

What microorganisms contain sterols and have no cell wall?

A

mycoplasma

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5
Q

What microorganisms contain mycelia acid and a high lipid content?

A

mycobacteria

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6
Q

What microorganisms are detected on Giemsa stain?

A 
Chlamydiae (pleomorphic)
Borrelia (spirochetes)
Rickettsiae (pleomorphic)
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

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7
Q

What microorganisms do not stain well?

A

These Microbes May Lack Real Color

Trepenoma
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
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8
Q

Which microorganisms are detected with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)?

A

stains GLYCOGEN

Used to diagnose WHIPPLE DISEASE (Tropheryma whipplei)

PASs the sugar

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9
Q

Which microorganisms are detected with Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin)?

A

acid-fast organisms (Nocardia, Mycobacterium)

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10
Q

Which microorganisms are detected with India ink?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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11
Q

Which microorganisms are detected with silver stain?

A

fungi (e.g. pneumocystis)LegionellaHelicobacter pylori

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12
Q

What is the special culture requirement?

  1. H. influenzae
  2. N. gonorrhoeae,
  3. B. pertussis
  4. C. diptheriae
  5. M. tuberculosis
  6. M. pneumoniae
  7. Lactose-fermenting enterics
  8. Legionella
  9. Fungi
A
  1. chocolate agar
  2. Thayer-Martin media
  3. Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
  4. Tellurite agar, Loffler medium
  5. Lowenstein-Jensen agar
  6. Eaton agar, requires cholesterol
  7. Pink colonies on MacConkey agar
  8. charcoal yeast extract agar
  9. Sabouraud agar
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13
Q

What are examples of obligate aerobes?

A

Nagging Pests Must Breathe

Nocardia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
MycoBacterium Tuberculosis

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14
Q

If someone uses an TNF - alpha inhibitor or is immunocompromised and gets a reactivation of TB, where will the infection most likely show in the lungs and why?

A

TB will have a predilection for the apices of the lung b/c it has the highest PO2

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15
Q

What are examples of obligate anaerobes?

A

Anaerobes Can’t Breathe Air

Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

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16
Q

What are some defining features of obligate anaerobes?

A

generally foul smelling and produce gas in the tissue

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17
Q

Where are anaerobes normally found?

A

GI tract

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18
Q

What class of antibiotics is ineffective against anaerobes and why?

A

Aminoglycosides b/c these antibiotics require O2 to enter into bacterial cells

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19
Q

What are 2 obligate intracellular organisms?

A

Rickettsia

Chlamydia

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20
Q

What are examples of facultative intracellular organisms?

A

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

Salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia pestis
21
Q

What are examples of encapsulated bacteria?

A

SHiNE SKiS

Strep. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis
E. coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella pneumoniae
group B Strep
22
Q

What are examples of catalase positive organisms?

A

You need PLACESS for your CATs.

Psuedomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E. coli
S. aureus
Serratia

CAT = catalase positive

23
Q

Most encapsulated bacterial vaccines require what additional component in order for the polysaccharide capsule to be presented to the T cells?

A

the polysaccharide capsule Ags must be conjugated to a carrier protein

EXAMPLES: pneumococcal vaccine, H. influenzae type B, and meningococcal vaccine

EXCEPTION: penumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with no conjugated protein i.e. Pneumovax

24
Q

What are urease-positive bugs?

A

CHuck norris hates PUNKSS

Cryptococcus
H. pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Klebsiella
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
25
Q

What color pigment is associated with the following microbes…

Actinomyces israelii
S. aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Serratia marcescens

A

Actinomyces israelii - yellow “sulfur” granules
S. aureus - yellow pigment
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - blue/green pigment
Serratia marcescens - red pigment

26
Q

What is the function of Protein A and which microorganism expresses it?

A

Binds Fc region of IgG –> prevents opsonization and phagocytosis

S. aureus

27
Q

What is the function of IgA protease and which microorganisms express it?

A

enzyme that cleaves IgA

S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae type B
Neisseria
**They do this in order to colonize respiratory mucosa

28
Q

What is the function of M protein and which microorganism expresses it?

A

helps prevent phagocytosis

expressed by group A strep

29
Q

What is the mechanism of the diphtheria toxin?

A

ribosylation of EF-2 –> inhibits protein synthesis

30
Q

What do the pseudomonas aeruginosa (exotoxin A) and the diphtheria toxin have in common?

A

both inactivate EF-2 –> inhibit protein synthesis

31
Q

What is the similar mechanism of actin for Shiga toxin (ST) and shing-like toxin (SLT)?

A

inactivate 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA

32
Q

What is a major difference between Shigella and EHEC?

A

EHEC does NOT invade host cells

33
Q

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is more often seen in EHEC or Shigella infections?

A

EHEC

34
Q

What are the 2 toxins secreted by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?

A
  1. heat LABILE toxin (LT) –> over activates adenylate cyclase –> increases cAMP –> increases Cl secretion into gut and water efflux
  2. heat STABILE toxin (ST) –> over activates gauntlet cycle –> increases cGMP –> decreases resorption of NaCl and water in gut
35
Q

What does the toxin in bacillus anthracis cause increased fluid secretion?

A

EDEMA FACTOR - mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme –> increases cAMP

36
Q

How does vibrio cholera’s toxin cause increased fluid secretion?

A

CHOLERA TOXIN - overactivates adenylate cyclase –> increases cAMP by permanently activating Gs –> increases Cl secretion in gut and water efflux –> voluminous “rice water” stool

37
Q

How does Bordetella pertussis toxin (Pertussis toxin) inhibit phagocytic activity?

A

Overactivates adenylate cyclase –> increases cAMP by disabling Gi –> impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe

38
Q

What is the mechanism of the exotoxin of Clostridium tetani?

A

TETANOSPASMIN: protease cleaves SNARE proteins required for release of inhibitory NT’s GABA and glycine –> spasticity, rises sardonicus, and “lockjaw”

39
Q

What is the mechanism of the exotoxin of Clostridium botulinum?

A

BOTULINUM TOXIN: protease cleaves SNARE proteins required for release of stimulatory ACh signals at neuromuscular junction –> flaccid paralysis or “floppy baby” (if ingested honey)

40
Q

What is the mechanism of the exotoxin of Clostridium perfringens?

A

ALPHA TOXIN: phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes –> myonecrosis and hemolysis

41
Q

What is the mechanism of the exotoxin of Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

STREPTOLYSIN O: protein that degrades cell membrane –> lyses RBCs, contributes to beta-hemolysis

42
Q

How do super antigens cause disease?

A

Bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside of Ag binding site –> causes overwhelming release of INF-gamma and IL-2 –> SHOCK

43
Q

Name the two microorganisms that have super antigens.

A

S. aureus (TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME TOXIN)

S. pyogenes (EXOTOXIN A)

44
Q

What is transformation in basic bacteriology?

A

the ability to take up naked DNA (i.e. from cell lysis) from environment

Particular pathogens:
S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae type B
Neisseria

45
Q

What is conjugation in basic bacteriology?

A

DNA transferred directly from one bacterium to another by conjugation

46
Q

What is transposition in basic bacteriology?

A

a segment of DNA (e.g. transposon) that can “jump” (excision and reintegration) from one location to another

e.g. antibiotic resistance genes on R plasmid

47
Q

What is transduction in basic bacteriology?

A

Generalized - a “packaging” event. LYTIC phage infects bacterium –> cleavage of bacterial DNA

Specialized - an “excision” event. LYSOGENIC phage infects bacterium –> viral DNA incorporates into bacterial chromosome

48
Q

Genes for which microorganisms are encoded in a lysogenic phage?

A

ABCDE

ShigA-like Toxin
Botulinum toxin
Cholera toxin
Diphtheria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin

First Aid STEP 1 - Microbiology (4 decks)

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