Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts Flashcards
What is a specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.
Neuron
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Muscle Spindles
A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.
Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
A description of the bones of the body. In the human skeletal system, there are 206 bones of which approximately 177 are used in voluntary movement.
Skeletal system
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.
Osteoclasts
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.
Osteoblasts
Muscle fibers are smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue resistant.
Type I slow-twitch
Muscle fibers are larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue quickly.
Type II Fast Twitch
The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within this.
Myofibrils
The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.
Myofilaments
The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.
Sliding filament theory
What are the 2 chambers of the heart
Atrium and ventricle
This side of the heart gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body and
then sends it to the right ventricle and to the lungs for oxygenation.
The right atrium
This side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the left
ventricle to be pumped out into the body
The left atrium
What transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs,
Pulmonary artery
This transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
The pulmonary vein
Resting heart rates for most of the population are between
60 and 100 beats per minute
The overall performance of the heart (heart rate × stroke volume)
Cardiac output
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).
Gluconeogenesis
Anatomic location that is relatively closer to the midline of the body
Medial
Anatomic location that is Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body
Lateral
Anatomic location that is positioned on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Anatomic Location that is positioned on the same side of the body
Iplsilateral
Anatomic Location that is positioned on or toward the front of the body
Anterior
Anatomic Locations
See attached image
Anatomic location that is positioned on or toward the back of the body
Posterior
Anatomic Location that is positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point
Proximal
Anatomic location that is positioned above an identified reference point
Inferior
Flexion occurring at the ankle (i.e., top of the foot moves toward the shin).
Dorsiflexion
Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.
Plantar flexion
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. This muscle action is subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.
Isotonic
Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.
Isometric
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force
exerted.
It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.
Isokinetic
The primary muscles providing force for a movement.
Agonists
The gluteus maximus is the agonist for
hip extension (i.e., squats).
The anterior deltoid is the agonist for
shoulder flexion (i.e., shoulder presses)
The biceps brachii is the agonist
for elbow flexion (i.e., biceps curls).
The triceps brachii is the agonist for
elbow extension(i.e., triceps pushdowns)
Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement
Synergists
The hamstring complex and the erector spinae are synergistic with
the gluteus maximus during hip extension (i.e., squats).
The brachioradialis and brachialis (forearm muscles) assist
the biceps brachii during a biceps curl.
The triceps brachii assist this agonist muscle
pectoral muscles during a chest press.
The biceps brachii assist this agonist muscle
latissimus dorsi during a pull-up.
Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves.
Stabilizers
These are examples of what?
The transversus abdominis (a deep abdominal muscle), internal obliques, and multifidus (deep muscles of the spine) stabilize the LPHC during hip extension (i.e., squats).
The rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis), stabilize the shoulder during upper extremity movements.
Stabilizers
Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles
Antagonists
The biceps brachii (an elbow flexor) is an antagonist to
the triceps brachii during elbow extension (i.e., triceps pushdown).
During elbow flexion, the triceps become the antagonist
to the biceps (i.e., biceps curl).
The hip flexor complex is antagonistic to
the gluteus maximus during hip extension (i.e., squats).
The latissimus dorsi is antagonistic to
the deltoids during a shoulder press.
movements anchor the body to the ground or immovable object
Push-ups • Pull-ups • Squats • Lunges
Closed Chain
movement involves the distal limb moving freely in space
Biceps curls • Lat pulldowns • Bench presses • Leg curls • Leg extensions
Open Chain
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Length tension relationship
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.
Altered length tension relationship
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.
Reciprocal inhibition
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.
Altered reciprocal inhibition
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.
Muscle imbalance
To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).
Integrated performance paradigm
The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint
Force-couple relationship
levers have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. Nodding the head is an example of a first-class lever, with the top of the spinal column as the fulcrum.
First Class levers
levers have a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side, similar to a load in a wheelbarrow where the axle and wheel are the fulcrum points. The body acts as a second-class lever when one engages in a fullbody push-up or calf raise.
2nd class levers
have the effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. The effort always travels a shorter distance and must be greater than the resistance.
3rd class levers
Most limbs of the human body operate as third-class levers. An example of a thirdclass lever is the human forearm; the fulcrum is the elbow, the effort is applied by the biceps brachii muscle, and the load is in the hand, such as a dumbbell when performing a biceps curl. Another example of a third-class lever is the standing hamstring curl, whereby the knee joint is the fulcrum, hamstring muscle is the effort, and resistance is at the ankle.
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
Motor Behavior
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor Control
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior
Motor learning
Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.
Motor development
Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
Internal feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.
External feedback
An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism.
ATP-PC system
Example exercises that predominately use the ATP-PC system include: o Short sprints o Olympic weightlifting o Jumping and plyometrics
A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate.
Glycolytic system
Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen. It lasts longer, with a capacity of approximately 30 to 60 seconds of duration. • Example exercises that predominately use the glycolytic system include: o Strength training (8-12 repetitions)
a process that uses oxygen to convert food substrates into ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation, and it is defined as an aerobic process because it needs oxygen to complete the reactions
Oxidative system
The most complex of the three energy systems
Example exercises that predominately use the oxidative system include: o Jogging and running for an extended period
The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise.
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
What are the fluid recommendations
- 5 cups a day (2.7 L) of fluid for women
- 5 cups (3.7 L) of fluid for men
Macronutrients and alcohol energy
Protein: 4 calories per gram
- Carbohydrate: 4 calories per gram
- Lipid (fat): 9 calories per gram
- Alcohol: 7 calories per gram
Fat Soluble Vitamins
A, D, E, K
Water Soluble Vitamins
C, B
Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR)
Protein: 10% to 35% of total calories
Carbohydrate: 45% to 65% of total calories
Lipid (fat): 20% to 35% of total calories
The storage of carbohydrates in animals and humans. Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells
Glycogen
A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen. It lasts longer, with a capacity of approximately 30 to 60 seconds of duration.
Glycolytic system
Polyunsaturated fat source that provides anti-inflammatory properties
Omega-3 fatty acid
Substance considered a catabolic hormone, is produced by the adrenal cortex and is sensitive to blood sugar and sleep. Stimulated by the adrenal cortex, may be used to aid in recovery from exercise and as a marker of overtraining
Cortisol
An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism. • Example exercises that predominately use the ATP-PC system include: o Short sprints o Olympic weightlifting o Jumping and plyometrics
ATP-PC system
The most complex of the three energy systems is the oxidative system—a process that uses oxygen to convert food substrates into ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation, and it is defined as an aerobic process because it needs oxygen to complete the reactions. • Example exercises that predominately use the oxidative system include: o Jogging and running for an extended period
Oxidative system
