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CPT NASM EXAM > Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts > Flashcards

Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts Flashcards

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NASM ® CPT flashcards
1
Q

What is a specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.

A

Neuron

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2
Q

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

A

Muscle Spindles

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3
Q

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

A

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

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4
Q

A description of the bones of the body. In the human skeletal system, there are 206 bones of which approximately 177 are used in voluntary movement.

A

Skeletal system

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5
Q

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

A

Osteoclasts

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6
Q

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

A

Osteoblasts

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7
Q

Muscle fibers are smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue resistant.

A

Type I slow-twitch

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8
Q

Muscle fibers are larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue quickly.

A

Type II Fast Twitch

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9
Q

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within this.

A

Myofibrils

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10
Q

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.

A

Myofilaments

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11
Q

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.

A

Sliding filament theory

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12
Q

What are the 2 chambers of the heart

A

Atrium and ventricle

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13
Q

This side of the heart gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the body and
then sends it to the right ventricle and to the lungs for oxygenation.

A

The right atrium

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14
Q

This side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the left
ventricle to be pumped out into the body

A

The left atrium

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15
Q

What transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs,

A

Pulmonary artery

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16
Q

This transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

A

The pulmonary vein

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17
Q

Resting heart rates for most of the population are between

A

60 and 100 beats per minute

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18
Q

The overall performance of the heart (heart rate × stroke volume)

A

Cardiac output

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19
Q

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).

A

Gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

Anatomic location that is relatively closer to the midline of the body

A

Medial

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21
Q

Anatomic location that is Relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside of the body

A

Lateral

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22
Q

Anatomic location that is positioned on the opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral

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23
Q

Anatomic Location that is positioned on the same side of the body

A

Iplsilateral

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24
Q

Anatomic Location that is positioned on or toward the front of the body

A

Anterior

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25
Q

Anatomic Locations

A

See attached image

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26
Q

Anatomic location that is positioned on or toward the back of the body

A

Posterior

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27
Q

Anatomic Location that is positioned nearest to the center of the body or other identified reference point

A

Proximal

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28
Q

Anatomic location that is positioned above an identified reference point

A

Inferior

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29
Q

Flexion occurring at the ankle (i.e., top of the foot moves toward the shin).

A

Dorsiflexion

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30
Q

Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.

A

Plantar flexion

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31
Q

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. This muscle action is subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.

A

Isotonic

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32
Q

Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint.

A

Isometric

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33
Q

The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force
exerted.

It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.

A

Isokinetic

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34
Q

The primary muscles providing force for a movement.

A

Agonists

35
Q

The gluteus maximus is the agonist for

A

hip extension (i.e., squats).

36
Q

The anterior deltoid is the agonist for

A

shoulder flexion (i.e., shoulder presses)

37
Q

The biceps brachii is the agonist

A

for elbow flexion (i.e., biceps curls).

38
Q

The triceps brachii is the agonist for

A

elbow extension(i.e., triceps pushdowns)

39
Q

Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement

A

Synergists

40
Q

The hamstring complex and the erector spinae are synergistic with

A

the gluteus maximus during hip extension (i.e., squats).

41
Q

The brachioradialis and brachialis (forearm muscles) assist

A

the biceps brachii during a biceps curl.

42
Q

The triceps brachii assist this agonist muscle

A

pectoral muscles during a chest press.

43
Q

The biceps brachii assist this agonist muscle

A

latissimus dorsi during a pull-up.

44
Q

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves.

A

Stabilizers

45
Q

These are examples of what?

The transversus abdominis (a deep abdominal muscle), internal obliques, and multifidus (deep muscles of the spine) stabilize the LPHC during hip extension (i.e., squats).

The rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis), stabilize the shoulder during upper extremity movements.

A

Stabilizers

46
Q

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles

A

Antagonists

47
Q

The biceps brachii (an elbow flexor) is an antagonist to

A

the triceps brachii during elbow extension (i.e., triceps pushdown).

48
Q

During elbow flexion, the triceps become the antagonist

A

to the biceps (i.e., biceps curl).

49
Q

The hip flexor complex is antagonistic to

A

the gluteus maximus during hip extension (i.e., squats).

50
Q

The latissimus dorsi is antagonistic to

A

the deltoids during a shoulder press.

51
Q

movements anchor the body to the ground or immovable object

Push-ups • Pull-ups • Squats • Lunges

A

Closed Chain

52
Q

movement involves the distal limb moving freely in space

Biceps curls • Lat pulldowns • Bench presses • Leg curls • Leg extensions

A

Open Chain

53
Q

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

A

Length tension relationship

54
Q

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.

A

Altered length tension relationship

55
Q

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.

A

Reciprocal inhibition

56
Q

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

A

Altered reciprocal inhibition

57
Q

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

A

Muscle imbalance

58
Q

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).

A

Integrated performance paradigm

59
Q

The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint

A

Force-couple relationship

60
Q

levers have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. Nodding the head is an example of a first-class lever, with the top of the spinal column as the fulcrum.

A

First Class levers

61
Q

levers have a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side, similar to a load in a wheelbarrow where the axle and wheel are the fulcrum points. The body acts as a second-class lever when one engages in a fullbody push-up or calf raise.

A

2nd class levers

62
Q

have the effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. The effort always travels a shorter distance and must be greater than the resistance.

A

3rd class levers

Most limbs of the human body operate as third-class levers. An example of a thirdclass lever is the human forearm; the fulcrum is the elbow, the effort is applied by the biceps brachii muscle, and the load is in the hand, such as a dumbbell when performing a biceps curl. Another example of a third-class lever is the standing hamstring curl, whereby the knee joint is the fulcrum, hamstring muscle is the effort, and resistance is at the ankle.

63
Q

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

A

Motor Behavior

64
Q

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

A

Motor Control

65
Q

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior

A

Motor learning

66
Q

Change in skilled motor behavior over time throughout the life span.

A

Motor development

67
Q

Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

A

Internal feedback

68
Q

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

A

External feedback

69
Q

An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism.

A

ATP-PC system

Example exercises that predominately use the ATP-PC system include: o Short sprints o Olympic weightlifting o Jumping and plyometrics

70
Q

A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate.

A

Glycolytic system

Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen. It lasts longer, with a capacity of approximately 30 to 60 seconds of duration. • Example exercises that predominately use the glycolytic system include: o Strength training (8-12 repetitions)

71
Q

a process that uses oxygen to convert food substrates into ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation, and it is defined as an aerobic process because it needs oxygen to complete the reactions

A

Oxidative system

The most complex of the three energy systems

Example exercises that predominately use the oxidative system include: o Jogging and running for an extended period

72
Q

The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise.

A

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

73
Q

What are the fluid recommendations

A
  1. 5 cups a day (2.7 L) of fluid for women
  2. 5 cups (3.7 L) of fluid for men
74
Q

Macronutrients and alcohol energy

A

Protein: 4 calories per gram

  • Carbohydrate: 4 calories per gram
  • Lipid (fat): 9 calories per gram
  • Alcohol: 7 calories per gram
75
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

76
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

C, B

77
Q

Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR)

A

Protein: 10% to 35% of total calories

Carbohydrate: 45% to 65% of total calories

Lipid (fat): 20% to 35% of total calories

78
Q

The storage of carbohydrates in animals and humans. Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells

A

Glycogen

79
Q

A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucose into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate. Anaerobic glycolysis refers to when this process occurs in the absence of oxygen. It lasts longer, with a capacity of approximately 30 to 60 seconds of duration.

A

Glycolytic system

80
Q

Polyunsaturated fat source that provides anti-inflammatory properties

A

Omega-3 fatty acid

81
Q

Substance considered a catabolic hormone, is produced by the adrenal cortex and is sensitive to blood sugar and sleep. Stimulated by the adrenal cortex, may be used to aid in recovery from exercise and as a marker of overtraining

A

Cortisol

82
Q

An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism. • Example exercises that predominately use the ATP-PC system include: o Short sprints o Olympic weightlifting o Jumping and plyometrics

A

ATP-PC system

83
Q

The most complex of the three energy systems is the oxidative system—a process that uses oxygen to convert food substrates into ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation, and it is defined as an aerobic process because it needs oxygen to complete the reactions. • Example exercises that predominately use the oxidative system include: o Jogging and running for an extended period

A

Oxidative system

CPT NASM EXAM (6 decks)

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