basic A&P Flashcards

1
Q

what is aqueous humor?

A

clear liquid inside front of eye

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2
Q

what is the function of aqueous humor?

A

supplies nutrients to anterior and posterior chamber

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3
Q

what makes up the anterior chamber?

A

between cornea and iris

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4
Q

what makes up posterior chamber?

A

lens and iris

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5
Q

what produces aqueous humor?

A

ciliary body

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6
Q

when does aqueous humour drain?

A

through trabecular meshwork into canal of schlemm

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7
Q

what is normal intraocular pressure?

A

10-21mmHg

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8
Q

what generates intraocular pressure?

A

resistance of flow from draining aqueous humour to trabecular network

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9
Q

what is the centre of the optic disc called?

A

indent is called the optic cup

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10
Q

what is myopia?

A

nearsightedness

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11
Q

how do you measure intraocular pressure?

A

non-contact tonometry
goldmann applanation tonometry

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12
Q

what is non contact tonometry?

A

shooting puff of air into cornea and measuring response

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13
Q

what is goldmann applanation?

A

device on slip lamp making contact with cornea and applies various pressure and measures response

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14
Q

pros and cons of the different methods for measuring intraocular pressure?

A

non contact - easy, good for general screening
goldmann- more accurate, gold standard

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15
Q

what 4 layers make up the macula?

A

choroid layer - base containing blood vessels
bruchs membrane
retinal pigment epithelium
photoreceptors - surface

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16
Q

where is vitroeus cavity?

A

between lens and retina

17
Q

what is vitroeus humor?

A

fluid within vitreous cavity

18
Q

what holds the lens in place?

A

ciliary body contracts and relaxes to change shape of lens

19
Q

what happens when the ciliary body contracts?

A

releases tension on suspensory ligaments and lens thickens
good for near vision

20
Q

what happens when the ciliary body relaxes?

A

suspensory ligaments tense and lens narrow
- good for far sight

21
Q

what provides nourishment to the lens?

A

aqueous humour - no physical blood supply

22
Q

how long does cataracts taken to develop?

A

many years
can be congenital - red reflex assessed during neonatal examination

23
Q

what is the pupil?

A

a hole in centre of iris

24
Q

what muscles are responsible for pupil constriction?

A

circular muscles

25
what nervous system stimulates pupil constriction?
parasympathetic - rest and digest
26
which NT is responsible for pupil constriction?
acetylcholine
27
which cranial nerve is responsible for pupil constriction?
cranial nerve III - oculomotor
28
which muscles are responsible for pupil dilation?
dilator muscles
29
which nervous system causes pupil dilation?
sympathetic - fight and flight
30
which NT are responsible for pupil dilation?
adrenaline
31
where is the cavernous sinus?
behind eye socket
32
what is conjuctiva?
thin layer of tissue covering inside of eyelids and sclera
33
what can cause a painful red eye?
ACCG anterior uveitis scleritis corneal abrasions/ ulceration keratitis foreign body trauma traumatic/ chemical injury
34
what causes acute painless red eyes?
conjuctivitis episcleritis subconjunctival haemorrhage
35
where is the choroid?
between retina and sclera
36
what is the episclera?
outermost layer of sclera just below conjuctiva
37
what is the sclera?
outermost layer of connective tissue visible white bit of eye
38