basic A&P

Question 1

what is aqueous humor?

Answer 1

clear liquid inside front of eye

Question 2

what is the function of aqueous humor?

Answer 2

supplies nutrients to anterior and posterior chamber

Question 3

what makes up the anterior chamber?

Answer 3

between cornea and iris

Question 4

what makes up posterior chamber?

Answer 4

lens and iris

Question 5

what produces aqueous humor?

Answer 5

ciliary body

Question 6

when does aqueous humour drain?

Answer 6

through trabecular meshwork into canal of schlemm

Question 7

what is normal intraocular pressure?

Answer 7

10-21mmHg

Question 8

what generates intraocular pressure?

Answer 8

resistance of flow from draining aqueous humour to trabecular network

Question 9

what is the centre of the optic disc called?

Answer 9

indent is called the optic cup

Question 10

what is myopia?

Answer 10

nearsightedness

Question 11

how do you measure intraocular pressure?

Answer 11

non-contact tonometry
goldmann applanation tonometry

Question 12

what is non contact tonometry?

Answer 12

shooting puff of air into cornea and measuring response

Question 13

what is goldmann applanation?

Answer 13

device on slip lamp making contact with cornea and applies various pressure and measures response

Question 14

pros and cons of the different methods for measuring intraocular pressure?

Answer 14

non contact - easy, good for general screening
goldmann- more accurate, gold standard

Question 15

what 4 layers make up the macula?

Answer 15

choroid layer - base containing blood vessels
bruchs membrane
retinal pigment epithelium
photoreceptors - surface

Question 16

where is vitroeus cavity?

Answer 16

between lens and retina

Question 17

what is vitroeus humor?

Answer 17

fluid within vitreous cavity

Question 18

what holds the lens in place?

Answer 18

ciliary body contracts and relaxes to change shape of lens

Question 19

what happens when the ciliary body contracts?

Answer 19

releases tension on suspensory ligaments and lens thickens
good for near vision

Question 20

what happens when the ciliary body relaxes?

Answer 20

suspensory ligaments tense and lens narrow
- good for far sight

Question 21

what provides nourishment to the lens?

Answer 21

aqueous humour - no physical blood supply

Question 22

how long does cataracts taken to develop?

Answer 22

many years
can be congenital - red reflex assessed during neonatal examination

Question 23

what is the pupil?

Answer 23

a hole in centre of iris

Question 24

what muscles are responsible for pupil constriction?

Answer 24

circular muscles

Question 25

what nervous system stimulates pupil constriction?

Answer 25

parasympathetic - rest and digest

Question 26

which NT is responsible for pupil constriction?

Answer 26

acetylcholine

Question 27

which cranial nerve is responsible for pupil constriction?

Answer 27

cranial nerve III - oculomotor

Question 28

which muscles are responsible for pupil dilation?

Answer 28

dilator muscles

Question 29

which nervous system causes pupil dilation?

Answer 29

sympathetic - fight and flight

Question 30

which NT are responsible for pupil dilation?

Answer 30

adrenaline

Question 31

where is the cavernous sinus?

Answer 31

behind eye socket

Question 32

what is conjuctiva?

Answer 32

thin layer of tissue covering inside of eyelids and sclera

Question 33

what can cause a painful red eye?

Answer 33

ACCG
anterior uveitis
scleritis
corneal abrasions/ ulceration
keratitis
foreign body trauma
traumatic/ chemical injury

Question 34

what causes acute painless red eyes?

Answer 34

conjuctivitis
episcleritis
subconjunctival haemorrhage

Question 35

where is the choroid?

Answer 35

between retina and sclera

Question 36

what is the episclera?

Answer 36

outermost layer of sclera
just below conjuctiva

Question 37

what is the sclera?

Answer 37

outermost layer of connective tissue
visible white bit of eye