Basic Flashcards
How is called the study of:
a) grape growing
b) identification and classification of grapevines
c) wine making
d) form and structure of vine plant
e) science of the function of the vine
a)Viticilture
b)ampelography
c)Oenology
d)vine morphology
e)vinephysiology(shoot&root
systems, photosynthesis, control of plant growth and development)
When are sugars moved from the leaf system to the fruit? What is the
name of that term?
In August, veraison (véraison–marjade värvimuutus) begins and the grapes begin to truly ripen, as sugars are moved from the leaf system to the
fruit. During veraison, the grapes soften and change color—turning from green to red-black or yellow-green—and acidity decreases
What is main different between Vitis Vinifera and Vitis
Rotundifolia (Muscadine)?
Difference is in amount of chromosomes: Vinifera 38, Rotundifolia 40
What is the oldest vine training system?
Gobelet–are used today in Mediterranean countries and islands
What is the objective of vine training? What are
the processes included to training?
The objective of vine training, which includes the processes of pruning, shaping, and trellising the vine, is to maximize the vine’s performance in local conditions and to keep its canes from touching the ground and establishing new roots
What is “Hochculture”?
Vine trellising system in Germany, developed by famous Austrian vinegrower/winemaker Lenz Moser (Lenz Moser trellising system, High Culture), the system employed wider rows(3,5m) and higher trunks (1,3m)
reducing vine density in vineyard. It was long time dominant vine-training system in Austria
What are main differences of head-trained and cordon trained vine growing?
Most vines can be classified as either head-trained or cordon-trained. In cordon training, the vine has at least one permanent cane that extends from the trunk, called an arm or cordon. It grows thick and gnarled over time, and fruit-bearing shoots will emerge from it each season. Head-trained vines have no permanent cordon, and the trunk ends in a knob, or head. Cordon-trained vines generally require a trellising system, whereas head-trained vines may be supported by a simple stake, or not at all. Although head-trained vines may technically be trellised (see the Guyot training system, below),head-training is commonly asserted as an alternative to trellising, synonymous with bush vines
What is VSP and what is Tendone System?
Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP), a trellising system, may be used for either cane-pruned or spur-pruned vines (tavapärane). The Tendone system, known as pergola in Italy and enforcado in Portugal, is an alternative
training system in which the vines are trained upward and overhead along wooden frames or trees, enabling workers to pass underneath.ertical Shoot Positioning (VSP), a trellising system, may be used for either cane-pruned or spur-pruned vines (tavapärane). The Tendone system, known as pergola in Italy and enforcado in Portugal, is an alternative
training system in which the vines are trained upward and overhead along wooden frames or trees, enabling workers to pass underneath.
What is Raggiera?
Wine training system in South Italy (Campania), the cordons are trained like wheel spokes
Diseases that affect the vine can be broadly categorized into four main groups - name them.
fungal, viral, bacterial, and
phytoplasma
What disease is known as one of the oldest described vine disease and what kind disease is it?
Esca, Black Measle (mustad leetrid)
described already in Roman time
chronicles. Fungal disease
What causes phytoplasma diseases and how is this disease spread?
Phytoplasma diseases are caused by phytoplasmas, pathogens similar to bacteria, yet they are symptomatically similar to viral diseases and, like
viruses, must be spread through an insect vector or
rootstock grafting. Phytoplasma diseases, known as “grapevine yellows”, were first
recorded in Europe in the mid-1990s, and may cause widespread difficulties in the 21st century.
Who is the vector (provider) of Pierce Disease?
Glassy-wings sharpshooter, GWSS, Homalodisca vitripennis,(klaasjas tiivuline tsikaad, rohutirts)
What Vitis spieces is tolerant or resistant to the
Downey Mildew disease,(Pero nospera) ?
Vitis Cordifolia,Vitis Rupestris, Vitis Rotundifolia (Muscadine)
What type of diseases is known as “grapevine yellows?
Phytoplasma (Bacterial) diseases
Identify if a statement is true or false
a) Seyval Blanc is a crossing
b) Coulure causes the vine leaves to turn yellow and reduces photosynthesis
c) Grey Rot and Noble Rot are caused by Botrytis Cinerea
d) Guyot is an example of spur training
e) Downy mildew is caused by fungus native to Europe
a) false, it is a hybrid
b) false, it is the result of metabolic reactions to weather conditions that causes a failure of grapes to develop after flowering Coulure is triggered by periods of cold, cloudy, rainy weather or very high out -of-season temperatures. The condition is most often manifested in the spring. It also occurs in vines that have little sugar content in their tissue. Flowers stay closed and are not fertilized
c) true
d) false, it is an example of cane pruning
e) false, it was brought from USA
Name 6 fungal diseases
Powdery Mildew (Oidium) Downy Mildew (Peronospora) Eutypa Dieback: Also called “dead arm" Esca (Black Measles) Black Rot Botrytis Bunch Rot
Name 3 Bacterial Diseases
Pierce’s Disease
Crown Gall (Black Knot)
Bacterial Blight
Name 3 Viral Diseases
Leafroll Virus
Grape Fanleaf Degeneration Virus (GFLV)
Corky Bark
Name the most known parasitc vine desease?
Phylloxera-Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Viinapuu juuretäi)
Who are the main vectors (providers) of Leafroll Virus?
Grape mealybug-Pseudococcus maritimus (viinapuu kilptäid)
What is Flavescence Dorée? Symptoms?
A form of grapevine yellows(phytoplasma desease, bacterial disease),Flavescence Dorée first appeared in Armagnac in 1949.Leafhopper insects and propagation of infected vines spread the disease, which will initially
delay budbreak and slow shoot growth, eventually causing bunches to fall offthe vine and berries to shrivel. The disease will discolor leaves, cause pustules and cracks to form, and may kill young vines.
Symtoms are yellow or brown leaves and plant cannot prepare for winter with the process called “cold hardening”. Infection causes the vine cane cell membrane drenage of water. With “cold hardening” process the plant aquires into the cells no water
and cold winter cannot damage the cells. Young vines die, old vines loose the effectivity No cure exists, disease can spread in vine nursery or main vectors are leaf hopper Scaphoideus Titanus.
Is Black Rot disease causes same fungus as Noble Rot
No, Black Rot–Guignardia bidwelli
Noble Rot-Botrytis Cinerea
Is it possible to make quality wine from vines that are affected by Eutypa Dieback , (Dead Arm, Excoriose)?
Yes–“Dead Arm” Shiraz, d ́Arenberg, Adelaide Hills, Australia
What kind climatic condition produces White Rot disease?
Hailstorm, also called Hail disease
What type disease is Anthracnose and how you can control it
Native European fungus disease, was biggest problem before Downey Mildew, affecting the green part of plants mainly in hot and humid climate conditions, you control it with the Bordeaux mixture. (CuSO4+Ca(OH)2)
What part of the vine plant the Powdery Mildew attacks?
Green parts
Give the definition:
a) Varietie, Cultivar
b) Crossing
c) Hybrid
d) Clone
a) botanical species are identified by a lowest level of a group of plants which are defined by their genotype or combination of distinct characteristics
b) new grapevariety between crossing two different varieties
c) Crossing between two different vine spieces
d) sub-group of variety, genetically identical plant that acclimate in nature when plants reproduce asexually
Name the oldest Hybrid grape in America
Alexander (Labrusca x Vinifera)developed in 1683 in Philadelphia by botanist James Alexander
What is meristematic cloning?
Using bud cells or young shoots cells to clone the vines(pungade rakkude või noorte võrsete tippude
kasutamine kloonimisel)
Three major native American roodstock species that are used for European hybrids to make them phylloxera resistant. Name them
Vitis Rupestris-3309, Vitis Riparia-110R, Vitis Berlindieri-SO4
Who is Albert Seibel?
Albert Seibel: Probably the best-known breeder, who developed an immense number of breeding between 1886 and 1936 in Aubenas. The well-known Seibel grapes include De Chaunac, Chelois, Chancellor, Cascade, Rosette and Aurore
What is the native rootstock in Asia?
Vitis Amurensis
Vidal is a hybrid of 2 grape varieties-name them
Vidal Blanc (Vidal 256) hybrid grape= Ugni Blanc (Trebbiano) Vinifera xRayon d’Or (Seibel 4986 )hybrid.
Iseloomustab marjades kõrge suhkru ja
happesisalduse teke jahedas kliimas.
What is the difference between hybrid and crossing?
Hybrid grapes are grape varieties that are the product of a crossing of two or more Vitis species. This is in contrast to crossings between grape varieties of the same species, typically Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine
Seyval Blanc-who made it, what was the base and where in Europe is it used quite widely?
It is a hybrid wine grape variety used to make white wines. Its vines ripen early, are productive and are suited to fairly cool climates. Seyval blanc is grown mainly in England, the United States east coast (specifically the Finger Lakes region of upstate New York and Virginia), as well as to a lesser extent in Canada.
Seyval blanc was created either by Bertille Seyve,
or his son -inlaw Villard, as a cross of Seibel 5656 and Rayon d’Or (Seibel4986) and was used to create the hybrid grape St. Pepin.
In both the northern and southern hemispheres wine is mainly grown on same latitudes. What are the latitudes?
30-50 degrees
What is California Heat Summation Index?
The Winkler scale, sometimes known as the heat summation method, is a technique for classifying the climate of wine growing regions. In the
system, geographical areas are divided into five climate regions based on temperature(sunhours per growing season), known asRegions I–V. The system was developed at the University of California, Davis by A. J.
Winkler and Maynard Amerine.
What is the minimum amount of sunshine(in hours) required to support viticulture?
Approx 1300 hours
What happens if the wine gets too little rain and if it gets too much rain?
If the vine receives too little rain,water stress will occur, a condition that promotes smaller berry size and yields but will lead to interrupted ripening and complete shutdown of the vine if the stress is too severe.
Too much rain will not adversely affect the vine itself, but it will dilute fruit quality and create a friendly environment for fungal diseases.
What is mesoclimate and microclimate if we speak about grape growing?
Mesoclimate—the climate of a particular vineyard
At this level, the aspect (degree and direction of its slope) and shelter of a vineyard are essential to distinctions in mesoclimate. Slopes provide good drainage and may benefit from increased sunshine, but temperature falls steadily with added altitude. Mesoclimates are small: one must realistically speak of several in Corton, the largest grand cru vineyard in
Burgundy, whereas La Tâche has a single mesoclimate.
On an even smaller scale, microclimate refers to the climate in and around a vine canopy, the restricted space including all parts of the vine above the ground.
Techniques of canopy management have been developed to adjust the microclimate of a vine, particularly in its exposure to sunshine and its eventual yield. These include winter pruning, leaf removal, shoot positioning, and the use of sophisticated
trellising systems—man’s hand at work in the equation of terroir
How does the pH level of the soil affect grapes?
High soil pH, common in limestone- rich soils, contributes to higher acidity (low pH) in grapes, and although such soils are typically inhospitable to
most agriculture, viticulture thrives. Soil acidity (low pH) can, on the other hand, be a deterrent to viticulture.
This can be countered by the application of lime
Discribe next subsoils pH–acidic or alkaline? Chalk Limestone Granite Schist Basalt Sandstone Mergel Loess Flint
acidic alkaline high acidic high acidic medium acidic acidic low alkaline neutral high acidic
What compound makes topsoils cold, neutral and warm?Select warm, neutral and cold topsoils: Loam Gravel Pebbly gravel Fine sand Clay Pebble
Water drainage cold warm warm neutral cold warm
What is the difference in clonal selection and mass selection (selection massale)?
Clonal selection-The practice of identifying and taking cuttings from vines that embody the best of specific desired traits- such as aroma, flavor, ripening ability, yield, and/or vine health. The cuttings are then
propagated through grafting to other rootstock. Clonal selection allows growers and winemakers to balance the objectives of their vineyard and winemaking practices. If flavor is the key objective, then selecting a
parent vine with superior flavor characteristics is crucial.
A process that bypasses clonal selection is called
mass selection, where many vines are used as a source. Selection massale is a field selection, in
which budwood is taken from a number of vines in the vineyard, rather than from a single clone. It is ancient Old World technique, still used today, of maintaining the health and character of a vineyard, or starting a new one, by selecting cuttings for propagation from the most desirable older vines in a vineyard, rather than using specific clonal material from a nursery. Mass
selection can help to maintain the consistency of style of the wine from a particular vineyard. This practice produces a variety of characteristics, which means winegrowers usually cannot achieve specific objectives as well as they can with clonal selection. However, some winemakers feel using mass selection produces more complex wines
How the soil is devided?
Topsoil & Subsoil
What is the basis of biodynamic wine growing? Who is considered to be a father of this practice?
Rudolf Steiner who gave his now famous Agriculture Course in 1924. The principles and practices of biodynamics are based on spiritual/practical philosophy, called anthroposophy, which includes
understanding the ecological, the energetic, and the spiritual in nature. As a practical method of farming, biodynamics embodies the ideal of ever -increasing ecological self-sufficiency just as with modern agroecology, but includes ethical-spiritual considerations. This type of viticulture
views the farm as a cohesive, interconnected living system
